Recommendation on Disciplinary Measures to be taken with regard to Members of the Athlete's Entourage in Application of Article 7.2.e of the Anti-Doping Convention / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1996
CAS 96/150 Scott Alexander Volkers vs FINA
TAS 96/150 Volkers/FINA
CAS 95/150 V. / Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA)
1. Pursuant to the FINA Rules, the strict liability principle is applicable in the case of a coach giving a banned substance to an athlete. The coach's act (in giving the competitor a prohibited substance) is the material and operative cause of the offence. The general ban of doping is wide enough to encompass such acts, even if they lack the subjective element of intent.
2. The Court of Arbitration for Sport has the power to review and to vary a sanction involving suspension taken by the FINA authorities.
3. In deciding the length of a suspension, it is necessary to take into account the circumstances and, in particular, the subjective elements of each case.
On February 20, 1996 the FINA Executive suspended Mr. Scott Alexander Volkers, the appellant, from all swimming activities for a period of two years commencing on December 1, 1995 which upon the appellants' appeal to the FINA Bureau was reduced on April 26, 1996 to one year.
Miss Samantha Riley, a swimmer coached by the appellant, tested positive for the prohibited substance propoxyphene metabolite in a doping test conducted after the World Swimming Short Course Championships held in Rio de Janeiro, in November and December 1995. The suspension was imposed on findings made as to how Miss Riley came to have the prohibited substance in her body. Mr. Volkers admitted having given a di-gesic pill to her in circumstances which the FINA Executive held to amount to negligence.
On May 16, 1996 the appellant appealed FINA's decisions to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The CAS affirms FINA's findings as to the appellant's guilt and the sanction
imposed taking into account all the circumstances in which he committed the offence. The CAS considers that infractions of the FINA's rules, such as that of the appellant, must be met with adequate sanctions to punish the offender, and to discourage others. The appellants' conduct fell far below the standard of care and vigilance required of him in his professional duty as a swimming coach.
The effect of the appellants' suspension has been to impede him in his career by disqualifying him from taking part in international events for almost seven months.The appellants' negligence has damaged his international reputation and the shadow of the finding will continue to hang over him for the remainder of his career. Not only the appellant damaged his own career by his actions but also endangered the careers of those in his charge. Propoxyphene metabolite is not considered to enhance the performance of athletes and the appellant was found to have administered it to Miss Riley without actual knowledge of what he was doing. The appellant was strictly liable for the offence he committed. Upon being asked to explain the facts of the matter the appellant readily admitted that he had given the banned substance to Miss Riley, albeit mistakenly. Until the FINA's findings the appellant was a man with an impeccable professional reputation.
The CAS considers that the appellant has been properly sanctioned by suspension, however taking into account the special facts of this case, in particular the state of mind FINA found the appellant to have had, and the mitigation which has been put forward on his behalf, it has been decided the suspension shall be commuted to seven months ending on June 30, 1996.
The shortening of the appellants' suspension detracts no liability from him. The appellants' appeal has been successful only in part, as to the sentence, which has been reduced because of very special circumstances.
The Court of Arbitration for Sport decides:
1.) Upholds the decisions of the FINA Executive of February 20, 1996 and the FINA Bureau of April 26, 1996 as to the issue of the Appellant's guilt.
2.) Declares that the Appeal is upheld in part, as to sanction. Accordingly the Appellant's suspension shall be commuted to a period of seven months ending on June 30, 1996.
Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids / W. Schänzer. - (Clinical Chemistry 42 (1996) 7 (July); p. 1001-1020)
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are misused to a high extent in sports by athletes to improve their physical performance. Sports federations consider the use of these drugs in sports as doping. The misuse of AAS is controlled by detection of the parent AAS (when excreted into urine) and (or) their metabolites in urine of athletes. I present a review of the metabolism of AAS. Testosterone is the principal androgenic steroid and its metabolism is compared with that of AAS. The review is divided into two parts: the general metabolism of AAS, which is separated into phase I and phase II metabolism and includes a systematic discussion of metabolic changes in the steroid molecule according to the regions (A-D rings), and the specific metabolism of AAS, which presents the metabolism of 26 AAS in humans.
The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men / Shalender Bhasin, Thomas W. Storer, Nancy Berman, Carlos Callegari, Brenda Clevenger, Jeffrey Phillips, Thomas J. Bunnell, Ray Tricker, Aida Shirazi, Richard Casaburi
Abstract
Background: Athletes often take androgenic steroids in an attempt to increase their strength. The efficacy of these substances for this purpose is unsubstantiated, however.
Methods: We randomly assigned 43 normal men to one of four groups: placebo with no exercise; testosterone with no exercise; placebo plus exercise; and testosterone plus exercise. The men received injections of 600 mg of testosterone enanthate or placebo weekly for 10 weeks. The men in the exercise groups performed standardized weight-lifting exercises three times weekly. Before and after the treatment period, fat-free mass was determined by underwater weighing, muscle size was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and the strength of the arms and legs was assessed by bench-press and squatting exercises, respectively.
Results: Among the men in the no-exercise groups, those given testosterone had greater increases than those given placebo in muscle size in their arms (mean [+/-SE] change in triceps area, 424 +/- 104 vs. -81 +/- 109 square millimeters; P < 0.05) and legs (change in quadriceps area, 607 +/- 123 vs. -131 +/- 111 square millimeters; P < 0.05) and greater increases in strength in the bench-press (9 +/- 4 vs. -1 +/- 1 kg, P < 0.05) and squatting exercises (16 +/- 4 vs. 3 +/- 1 kg, P < 0.05). The men assigned to testosterone and exercise had greater increases in fat-free mass (6.1 +/- 0.6 kg) and muscle size (triceps area, 501 +/- 104 square millimeters; quadriceps area, 1174 +/- 91 square millimeters) than those assigned to either no-exercise group, and greater increases in muscle strength (bench-press strength, 22 +/- 2 kg; squatting-exercise capacity, 38 +/- 4 kg) than either no-exercise group. Neither mood nor behavior was altered in any group.
Conclusions: Supraphysiologic doses of testosterone, especially when combined with strength training, increase fat-free mass and muscle size and strength in normal men.
Anabolic steroids and the mind / B. Corrigan
Abstract
Anabolic steroids were first used by weight lifters and others involved in pursuits of strength, but are now taken, often in large doses, by young men interested in enhancing their appearance. The severe psychogenic side effects of these high doses include aggressive and violent behaviour. Problems with drug withdrawal and drug dependence are also common in users of anabolic steroids and these drugs may also provoke psychiatric disorders. I review these complications, as reported in the past decade, and comment on two recent violent murders in Sydney in which anabolic steroid use was implicated.
CAS OG_1996_03 Andrei Korneev vs IOC
CAS OG_1996_04 Zakhar Gouliev vs IOC
Arbitration No 003-4
Andrei Korneev is a Russian Athlete competing in the Men’s Swimming Events at the Atlanta 1996 Olympic Games and Zakar Gouliev is a Russian Athlete competing in the Men’s Greco-Roman Wrestling Events.
In July 1996 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has reported anti-doping rule violations against the two Russian Athletes after their samples tested positive for the prohibited substance Bromantan. As a result the IOC Executive Board decided on 28 July 1996 to disqualify and to exclude both Athletes from the Olympic Games including withdrawal and return of medals and diplomas.
Hereafter on 29 July 1996 both Russian Athletes appealed the IOC decisions with the Court of Arbitration for Sport Ad hoc Division Atlanta. Here case scientific literature was filed and expert witnesses heard.
In this case the substance Bromantan has apparently been used by Russian athletes for a considerable number of years. It appeared that it was used by athletes competing in the 1988 and 1992 Olympic Games. The use of Bromantan was unknown to the IOC Medical Commission and its use was not detected by the testing methods then available. The Russian Olympic Committee did not inform the Commission of the existence and use of Bromantan and no athlete disclosed its use during drug testing. The Medical Commission became aware of the existence and use of Bromantan in June 1996 and in July 1996 it was proposed to regard Bromantan as a related substance to the forbidden class 1A (Stimulants).
The CAS AD hoc Panel notes that in these cases the IOC Medical Commission acted with the following circumstances:
1. It was at about the beginning of the Olympic Games made aware of the covert use of an unknown substance substantially by Russian athletes over a number of years.
2. The existence of that substance only became known because of the disclosure by one Russian athlete in Canada in March 1996 of its use.
3. The substance was a product for the Russian military and was not available generally although it could apparently "be obtained in Moscow".
4. The scientific literature available relating to this substance was extremely limited and only in Russian.
5. That literature would reasonably lead a scientific reader to the conclusion that the substance possessed stimulant qualities.
6. The appellants did not declare their now undisputed use of the substance when tested for drugs although the use of vitamins was disclosed.
7. The denial of use was persisted in after testing disclosed the presence of the substance in samples which had been tested.
These circumstances would quite naturally and reasonably give rise to a suspicion that the substance possessed the qualities of a stimulant.
The Panel finds that the surrounding circumstances while suspicious do not form a basis for concluding, in the light of the scientific evidence, that Bromantan is a stimulant.
The surrounding circumstances, of themselves, are not evidence of the objective fact of the actual chemical composition and qualities of Bromantan. They could be evidence of the belief of those using the substance but not of the correctness of that belief.
While it may be that further study may establish that Bromantan is a prohibited substance the totality of the materiel before the Panel does not allow it to reach that conclusion.
Further in this case the Russian Olympic Committee offered to:
1. Cooperate fully in a study to determine whether Bromantan should be classed as a prohibited substance.
2. To make records relating to Bromantan available for that purpose.
3. To disclose to the Medical Commission all drugs which the Russian Olympic Committee recommend to Russian athletes for use on a general basis. The Russian Olympic Committee urged that consideration should be given to creating a rule that other national bodies should be required to make similar disclosures.
4. To discontinue the use of Bromantan pending further investigations.
The CAS Panel strongly urge the Russian National Olympic Committee to implement its offers. In particular the Panel believes that, in view of the probability that Bromantan can be indeed classified as a stimulant, its use should be discontinued forthwith.
The Court of Arbitration for Sport Ad hoc Division Atlanta Panel decides on 4 August 1996 that the appeals of the Athletes Andrei Korneev and Zakhar Gouliev are allowed and to set aside the IOC decisions of 28 July 1996.
A high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids / C.J. Cooper, T.D. Noakes, T. Dunne, M.I. Lambert, K. Rochford. - (British journal of sports medicine 30 (1996) 3 (1 September); p. 246-250)
Abstract
Objective: (1) To assess the personality profiles of the anabolic androgenic steroid users (AAS) and (2) to determine whether valid premorbid personality traits could be obtained from cross sectional assessment using multisource data.
Methods: The first author became a participant-observer in a group of body builders. An experimental group of body builders who had been using AAS for no more than 18 months (n = 12) was identified. A group of control subjects, each of whom claimed that he did not, and never had, used AAS (n = 12) was also recruited during this period. Key informants played a crucial role in recruiting subjects representative of the AAS and body building communities. An interview schedule based on the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM3-R) personality disorder criteria was conducted with each subject. Additional data were obtained from an AAS using informant and significant others including family and friends.
Results: The user group was significantly heavier than the control group and showed abnormal personality traits, in contrast to the control group. Personality traits of AAS users before the onset of AAS use, assessed retrospectively, were not different from personality traits of control subjects. There were significant differences between the before and after personality traits in AAS user group.
Conclusions: The results suggest (1) that AAS use is associated with significant disturbances in personality profile, and (2) that these personality disturbances are possibly the direct result of AAS use.
Robert D. Kersey, PhD, ATC, CSCS
San Jose State University in San Jose, CA 95192-0054.
Journal of Athletic Training - Volume 31 * Number 3 * September 1996
Objective: To determine the incidence of anabolicandrogenic
steroid use among a sample of community college
student-athletes; also, to compare various aspects of users and
nonusers, as well as to describe usage patterns.
Design and Setting: A survey following random stratified
cluster sampling techniques was administered to 10 California
community colleges.
Subjects: A group of 1,185 male and female studentathletes.
Measurements: An anonymous 27-item, valid, and reliable
questionnaire was administered surveying anabolic-androgenic
steroid use and usage patterns.
Results: Of all student-athletes sampled, 3.3% were anabolic-
androgenic steroid users. Gender-specific incidence rates
were 4.2% for males and 1.2% for females. Anabolicandrogenic
steroid users tended to be older males, usually intheir second year of college. The users were more often
minorities. Users believed that they were knowledgeable about
anabolic-androgenic steroids, and that the rates of usage were
higher than reported. Their sources of steroid information were
often lifting partners and fellow athletes. Use of these drugs
was most often in cycles (mean of 6.7 weeks) and was
frequently done using multiple anabolic-androgenic steroids at
a time. The average number of cycles completed was 2.9. A
wide variety of steroids were used by the student-athletes, of
which most were obtained from illegal sources.
Conclusions: Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among California
community college student-athletes were similar to other
previous research studies involving high school and university
student-athletes.
Key Words: anabolic steroid(s), athlete, ergogenic aid(s)
AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1995-96 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378
Abbreviations and acronyms viii
Executive summary ix
Chapter 1
introduction 1
Responsible Minister 2
Membership 2
Social justice and equity 4
Internal and external scrutiny 5
Chapter 2
Testing, Research and Policy 7
Objectives and resources 7
Drug testing 7
inter-governmental agreements 13
Register of Notifiable Events 13
Drug testing officials 15
Advice to sporting organisations 16
Legislation 18
Analytical services 20
Special interest groups 21
Special operational issues 23
Chapter 3
Education 27
Objectives and resources 27
National Drugs in Sport Framework 27
Sport-based education programs 28
School-based education programs 34
Information services 37
Public relations 41
Chapter 4
International 45
Objectives and resources 45
International anti-doping agreements 45
International anti-doping policies and programs 49
Provision of information and advice 51
Chapter 5
Corporate 53
Objectives and resources 53
Planning and evaluation 53
Research 54
Financial management 56
Human resource management 57
Social justice 60
Administrative services 62
Chapter 6
Financial statements 65
Appendices
1 Objects, functions and powers of the Australian Sports Drug Agency as specified in the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 82
2 Powers of the Minister under the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 84
3 Presentations by ASDA officials 1995-96 86
4 Doping control laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee 88
5 International Olympic Committee Medical Code 92
6 ASDA testing for period 1 July 1995 to 30 June 1996 98
7 ASDA user-pays testing for period 1 July 1995 to 30 June 1996 100
8 Summary of entries on Register of Notifiable Events 1995-96 101
9 Outcome of 1994-95 entries on Register of Notifiable Events for which sanctions were to be advised 103
10 1995-96 Memorandum of Agreement between the Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory and the Australian Sports Drug Agency 104
11 State Coordinators of the School Development in Health Education Project 109
12 Educational resource material distribution 1995-96 110
13 Sport Drug Education Unit advisory committees 1995-96 111
14 The International Anti-Doping Arrangement 112
15 International drug testing statistics 1994 115
16 International clients 1995-96 117
17 Summary of compliance with reporting guidelines 118
Index 119
Tables
1.1 Primary functions of each program area 1
1.2 ASDA financial and staffing resources summary 5
1.3 ASDA expenditure by program 5
2.1 Summary of entries on Register of Notifiable 14
Events by doping class and sport 1995-96
2.2 Summary of entries on the Register of Notifiable 15
Events 1991-92 to 1995-96
3.1 Drugs in Sport Hotline summary 1995-96 40
5.1 Total-number of employees at 30 June 1996 59
5.2 Summary of training undertaken 60
5.3 Categories of training 60
Figures
1.1 Organisation of ASDA 4
3.1 Drugs in Sport Handbook and Wallet Card distribution 1995-96 37
3.2 Hotline statistics 1995-96 39
Doping anno 1996 / F. Hartgens . – (Geneemiddelenbulletin 30 (1996) 11 (November) : p. 125-132)
The article is intended for (general) physicians and pharmacists. It discusses the historical backgrounds of doping, the definition of doping, and the Prohibited List of the IOC. The substances and methods on this list are discussed for their characteristics and side-effects.
Contents (in Dutch):
Inleiding
Historische achtergronden
Definities van doping
De lijst van dopinggeduide middelen en methoden ‘de dopinglijst’
I Dopinggroepen
- A Stimulantia
- A.1. Amfetaminen en verwante verbindingen inclusief eetlustremmende middelen
- A.2. Overige psychostimulantia
- A.3. Sympathicomimetica
- B. Narcotische analgetica
- C. Anabole middelen
- C.I. Androgene-anabole steroïden
- C.2 β₂-Sympathicomimetica
- D. Diuretica
- E. Peptide en glycoproteïne hormonen en analoga
- E.1. Chorlongonadotrofien (HCG, humaan choriongonadotrofine)
- E.2. Corticotropine (ACTH)
- E.3 Groeihormoon (HGH, somatropine)
- E.4 Erytropoëtine (EPO)
II Dopingmethoden
- A. Bloeddoping
- B. Farmacologische, chemische en fysische manipulatie
III Groepen van middelen die aan bepaalde restricties zijn gebonden
- A. Alcohol
- B. Marihuana
- C. Locale anaesthetica
- D. Corticosteroïden
- E. β-Blokkers
De Sporter en de arts
Conclusies en samenvatting
