Blood doping and erythropoietin. The effects of variation in hemoglobin concentration and other related factors on physical performance / B. Ekblom. - (American journal of sports medicine 24 (1996) 6 Supp (1 November); p. S40-S42)
Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine / C. Ayotte, D. Goudreault, A. Charlebois. – (Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Applications (1996) 687 (6 December) : p. 3-25)
This paper describes a comprehensive method for the detection of natural and synthetic anabolic agents, including some veterinary preparations such as trenbolone, zeranol (a non-steroidal agent) and clenbuterol (a beta 2-agonist). For the natural steroids such as testosterone, the precise determination of urinary androgens during routine procedures allowed the description of statistical distribution of relevant parameters of the endogenous steroid profile amongst male athletes. The validity of the results is discussed, taking into account some factors that may cause the degradation of the specimen.
Content:
1.) Introduction
2.) Experimental
2.1.) Standards
2.2.) Chemicals, solvents, reagents
2.3.) Enzymatic preparations
2.4.) Trimethylsilyl derivatizations
2.5.) Preparation of calibration standards
2.5.1.) Testoserone and epitestosterone
2.5.2.) Androsterone and etiocholanolone
2.6.) Isolation of the free and glucuroconjugated substances
2.7.) Isolation of the sulfoconjugated substances
2.8.) GC and GC-MS
2.9.) Luteinizing hormone (LH) measurements
3.) Results and discussion
3.1.) GC-MS detection and identification of anabolic agents
3.2.) Detection of testosterone administration and determination of the steroid profile
3.3.) Degradation of urinary samples
4.) Conclusion
Tricker R, Connolly D.
J Drug Educ. 1997;27(2):105-19.
Department of Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-6406, USA.
Theories related to planned behavior and reasoned action have included an individual's attitude as an important factor in the formation of behavioral intentions and behaviors. Research on this topic suggests that salient beliefs affect intentions and subsequent behaviors, either through attitudes or subjective norms, or the degree of (perceived) control that an individual feels he/she has over the behavior. This study was designed to examine the relative
importance of selected attitude variables in describing a profile of athletes who were at risk for using anabolic steroids, human grown hormone, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana.
Responses from 563 student athletes at two Division One NCAA universities were used in the study. The results of this study suggest that subjective norms, based on the influence of drug testing, peer influence, and a fear of detection are significant factors that influence the decisions of student athletes related to using banned substances.
In this article characteristics of at-risk athletes are presented with recommendations for drug education programs for student athletes.
PMID:
9270209
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Gupta L, Towler B.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 1997 Dec;16(4):373-9.
Central Sydney Area Health Service Public Health Unit, PO Box 374, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
The aim of this study was to assess GPs' attitudes, clinical behaviour, information needs and contact with anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users in an area reported to have a high prevalence of AAS use. It was a cross-sectional study of GPs using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample comprised of 202 GPs practising in the Central Business District and inner city area of Sydney took part. Of 164 eligible GPs, 143 responded (87% responserate).
Fifty-three per cent of respondents reported that they had seen at least one patient in the last year who told them they had used AASs for non-medical purposes; 6% indicated that they had seen more than 20 patients who mentioned AAS use. Two per cent of respondents reported prescribing AASs for body-building purposes and 6% indicated a willingness to do so in a hypothetical situation. Forty per cent of respondents reported that they would be willing to provide harm minimization advice to AAS users; 77% of respondents were interested in obtaining more information about AAS use, most frequently requested in the form of a fact sheet or pamphlet. Most GPs in the area surveyed had some contact with AAS users in their practice. Some GPs had favourable attitudes towards prescription of AASs for non-medical purposes. These attitudes require further exploration.
The results of this survey invite a reappraisal of many policy initiatives involving GPs aimed at reducing AAS-related harm.
PMID:
16203451
[PubMed]
1997 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1997
INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE MEDICAL CODE
PROHIBITED CLASSES OF SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS
31 January 1997
I. DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Agents
D. Diuretics
E. Peptide and glycoprotein hormones and analogues
II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation
III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids
E. Beta-blockers
LIST OF EXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES
Source: Anti-Doping Knowledgde Center
Facts
Eric Lamaze (the athlete) applies for reinstatement concerning his period of ineligibility of 4 years due to his positive doping test showing the use of cocaine.
History
The athlete has a remarkable background story about how he achieved to become part of the Canadian Equestrian Team. Meeting a friend from his earlier neighborhood encouraged him to use cocaine before his matches. He doesn't blame his friend for this or his background with a mother who was an addict.
The following points are taken into consideration:
(a) Age
(b) Remorse
(c) Circumstances Surrounding the Infraction, Including Any Factors That May Have Caused or Contributed to the Applicant's Diminished Capacity
(d) The Applicant's Experience in Sport
(e) The Applicant's Favorable Prospects for Rehabilitation
(f) The Applicant's Prior and Post-Infraction Conduct
(g) The Applicant's Contribution to (the) Sport
(h) Co-Operation with Investigating Bodies
(i) Length of Suspension Served at Time of Hearing
(j) Additional Factors
Submission arbitrator
There can be no doubt that the athlete has satisfied the necessity of establishing highly exceptional circumstances which warrant reinstatement. In these unusual circumstances, the minimum four-year penalty prescribed by the policy is clearly excessive. Moreover, I see no purpose in delaying reinstatement to February 24, as proposed by the CEF and agreed to by the Applicant. The circumstances in this case are so extraordinary that immediate reinstatement cannot be perceived as detracting from the basic objective of the doping control policy.
Decision
The application of Eric Lamaze for reinstatement is granted effective the date of this decision subject to the following conditions:
(a) For a period of three years commencing on June 24, 1997, Eric Lamaze will devote himself publicly as an advocate to promote drug-free sport and drug-free lifestyle;
(b) He will contribute an average of one day per month for this purpose;
(c) Prior to March 24, 1997, and the next two anniversaries of that date, the CEF will provide Eric Lamaze with a program of activities for the year commencing on the next June 24;
(d) Such programs shall be developed by the CEF in consultation with the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES) and Eric Lamaze: Both the CEF and the CCES shall designate a specific individual for this purpose and they shall deal directly with each other and with Eric; The CEF representative will be responsible for documenting all arrangements and activities. Shortly after June 24, each year, the CEF representative will provide the Adjudicator with a copy of the program for the forthcoming year and a report of the activities of the previous year;
(e) The programs shall be flexible in permitting variation by mutual agreement;
(f) I will remain seized of this matter and will be available by telephone conference call to Eric Lamaze and to both representatives in the event of any difficulty in implementing this order.
Peter Greenway, Mary Greenway
BrJ7Sports Med 1997;31:129-131
Langley Corner Surgery, Ifield, Crawley, West Sussex RHIl ONF, United Kingdom
Objectives - To assess general practitioner knowledge of banned substances in sport.
Methods - Postal questionnaire sent to all general practitioners in West Sussex.
Results - Only 55 (35%) of those who responded (157 in total) were aware that guidelines are to be found in the British National Formulary, and 19 (12%) of respondents believed that medical practitioners are allowed to prescribe anabolic steroids for non-medical reasons.
Conclusions - General practitioner knowledge of which substances are prohibited in sports is poor. There is a lack of awareness
of Sports Council guidelines which are to be found in the British National Formulary. Tackling drug abuse in sport requires
education of both athletes and doctors.
Acute administration of hexarelin stimulates GH secretion during day and night in normal men / Sandro Loche, Annamaria Colao, Marco Cappa, Diego Ferone, Bartolomeo Merola, Antonell Faedda, Bruno P. Imbimbo, Romano Deghenghi, Gaetano Lombardi
Abstract
Objective: Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide with potent GH-releasing activity in both animals and men. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a bolus injection of hexarelin given in the morning during wakefulness and during nocturnal sleep in a group of normal adult men.
Design and subjects: Eight normal men, aged 21-33 years, of normal height and within 10% of ideal body weight were studied. All subjects received in random order saline or hexarelin (2 micrograms/kg) in the morning between 0800 and 0900 h after they had fasted overnight. The same experiments were performed during nocturnal sleep in the same subjects. Saline or hexarelin were injected within 30 minutes after the onset of sleep between 2300 and 2400 h. Sleep was recorded by visual inspection.
Measurements: In all four test sessions blood samples were taken 30, 15 minutes and immediately before the injection of saline or hexarelin and then every 15 minutes for 2 hours. GH was measured by an immunoradiometric assay. All values are expressed as peak GH levels or as area under the curve (AUC) calculated by trapezoidal integration.
Results: Mean peak GH concentrations after hexarelin during the morning (58.2 +/- 4.7 micrograms/l) (GH micrograms/l l x 2 = mU/l) were not different from those observed during sleep (61.2 +/- 4.3 micrograms/l). The rate of disappearance of GH from plasma was slower during sleep (t1/2 = 64.9 +/- 14.8 min) than during morning hours (t1/2 = 24.9 +/- 1.4 min, P < 0.01). Mean AUC responses to hexarelin during sleep (1466 +/- 145 micrograms.min/l) were significantly higher than during morning hours (903 +/- 94 micrograms.min/l, P < 0.001).
Conclusions: These results show that GH responsiveness to a growth hormone releasing peptide is preserved during the night. This could be exploited for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes.
CAS 96/149 A.C. / Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA)
TAS 96/149 Cullwick v/ FINA
1. On the basis of the FINA Rules and Guidelines, the omission to declare the use of salbutamol prior to the doping control constitutes an offence equivalent to a technical breach only.
2. The doctrine of lex mitior, i.e. that which permits a criminal court to apply current sanctions to the case before it, if such sanctions are less severe that those which existed at the time of the offence, is applicable to disciplinary matters such as doping cases.
On 1 December 1995 the International Swimming Federation (FINA) Executive decided to impose a sanction of 2 years on the New Zealand waterpolo player Antony Cullwick after he tested positive for the prohibited substance Salbutamol related to his prescribed Asthma medication.
Hereafter the Athlete appealed the FINA Decision with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).
The Athlete asserted that he had used Salbutamol as prescribed medication for his Asthma. He argued that and under the rules or regulations Salbutamol by inhalation is a permitted and not a banned substance and therefore no doping offence was committed.
FINA contended that under the rules and guidelines in order to constitute Salbutamol a permitted as distinct from a banned substance not only had it to be taken by inhalation, but also there must be prior notification to a relevant authority, either a national federation or FINA itself.
In view of the evidence the Panel determines that the Athlete's violation was a technical breach and not an intentional violation because of the prescribed medication he used for his Asthma. However the Athlete, his doctor, or other appropriate agent, failed to inform his national federation, or FINA or other relevant body about his use of the Ventolin inhaler for medical purposes.
The Panel deems that the fault in this matter appears to lie with the NZL swimming federation in their obligation to take every step to ensure that competitors under their jurisdiction were familiar with all rules, regulations, guidelines and requirements in sucht a sensistive area as doping control.
In addition the Panel made recommendations to FINA to make clear and more precise the relevant rules so that athletes could understand them more easily and disputes over the meaning, if possible, avoided.
Therefore the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides on 13 March 1997:
1.) The appeal lodged by A.C. is partially upheld.
2.) The sanction pronounced against the Appellant is cancelled.
3.) (...)
Recommendation on Disciplinary Measures to be taken with regard to Members of the Athlete's Entourage and Protection of Minors, in Application of Article 7.2.e of the Anti-Doping Convention / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1997
