Resolution on the Approval of a New Reference List of Prohibited Pharmacological Classes of Doping Agents And Doping Methods / Monitoring Group. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1997. - (Council of Europe Resolution (97) 1; 28-29 May 1997)
Examining athletes' attitudes toward using anabolic steroids and their knowledge of the possible effects / M.H. Anshel, K.G. Russell. - (Journal of Drug Education 27 (1997) 2 (1 June); p. 121-145)
Abstract
One goal of contemporary sports leaders is to eradicate the use of banned drugs in competitive sport. A common approach to achieving this outcome is to provide athletes with adequate education about the effects of drug use. Ostensibly, educational programs about the deleterious effects of using anabolic steroids are thought to discourage their intake. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the athletes' knowledge about the long-term effects of anabolic steroids and their attitudes toward this type of drug. Multiple regression analyses indicated relatively low R2's and correlations between the various components of subjects' knowledge and their attitude toward steroid ingestion. This suggests that educational programs for athletes about taking anabolic steroids may have limited value in terms of creating appropriate, responsible attitudes toward this illegal, unethical, and medically questionable practice.
Issues in detecting abuse of xenobiotic anabolic steroids and testosterone by analysis of athletes' urine / D.H. Catlin, C.K. Hatton, S.H. Starcevic. - (Clinical Chemistry 43 (1997) 7 (July); p. 1280-1288)
Abstract
Over the last decade the number of laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has grown to 25. Nearly half of the approximately 90,000 samples tested annually are collected on short notice-the most effective means to deter the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The major urinary metabolites of AAS have been characterized and are identified by their chromatographic retention times and full or partial mass spectra. The process of determining if an athlete has used testosterone (T) begins with finding a T to epitestosterone (E) ratio > 6 and continues with a review of the T/E-time profile. For the user who discontinues taking T, the T/E reverts to baseline (typically approximately 1.0). For the extremely rare athlete with a naturally increased T/E ratio, the T/E remains chronically increased. Short-acting formulations of T transiently increase T/E, and E administration lowers it. Among ancillary tests to help discriminate between naturally increased T/E values and those reflecting T use, the most promising is determination of the carbon isotope ratio.
Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government /Werner W. Franke and Brigitte Berendonk. – In: Clinical Chemistry 7 (2007), vol. 43 (July), p. 1262-1279)
Several classified documents saved after the collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1990 describe the promotion by the government of the use of drugs, notably androgenic steroids, in high-performance sports (doping). Top-secret doctoral theses, scientific reports, progress reports of grants, proceedings from symposia of experts, and reports of physicians and scientists who served as unofficial collaborators for the Ministry for State Security (“Stasi”) reveal that from 1966 on, hundreds of physicians and scientists, including top-ranking professors, performed doping research and administered prescription drugs as well as unapproved experimental drug preparations. Several thousand athletes were treated with androgens every year, including minors of each sex. Special emphasis was placed on administering androgens to women and adolescent girls because this practice proved to be particularly effective for sports performance. Damaging side effects were recorded, some of which required surgical or medical intervention. In addition, several prominent scientists and sports physicians of the GDR contributed to the development of methods of drug administration that would evade detection by international doping controls.
Urinary Excretion of Amphetamine after Termination of Drug Abuse / Anne Smith-Kieland, Bjørn Skuterud, Jørg Mørland. - (Journal of Analytical Toxicology 21 (1997) 5 (September) ; p. 325-329)
Abstract
Important issues in urinary drug testing are the variability between consecutive urine specimens, the duration of positive specimens after last intake, and the usefulness of creatinine concentration to correct for variability in urine concentration. These issues were addressed in the present study with amphetamine as the drug of abuse. Drug users who were starting their sentences in prison participated in the study. Urine specimens were collected 1 to 5 times per day. Screening was performed by EMIT d.a.u. (cutoff, 0.30 microgram/mL) and EMIT II (cutoff, 1.00 microgram/mL), and confirmation was performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Creatinine and pH were recorded. Amphetamine was demonstrated in seven subjects. The highest concentration was 135 micrograms/mL. The last positive-screened specimen was observed by EMIT d.a.u. after almost 9 days of imprisonment and by EMIT II after 3 days. Large concentration differences could be found between consecutive specimens, accompanied by considerable differences in creatinine and pH. The individual curves were generally smoother after creatinine correction of concentrations. As expected, urinary pH was observed to influence the excretion.
Cocaine disposition in saliva following intravenous, intranasal, and smoked administration / Edward J. Cone, Johnathan M. Oyler, William D. Darwin
Abstract
Saliva concentrations of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and anhydroecgonine methyl ester were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in six healthy male subjects following cocaine administration by the intravenous, intranasal, and smoked routes of administration. Cocaine appeared in saliva rapidly following all routes of administration. Saliva/plasma (S/P) ratios were generally greater than 1, and there was evidence of moderate to extreme contamination of saliva by cocaine immediately following intranasal and smoked routes of administration. Contamination of the oral cavity and saliva cleared rapidly. Saliva obtained 2 h after dosing appeared to be free of contamination and demonstrated S/P ratios comparable with intravenous administration. Benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester concentrations were consistently low and were only comparable with cocaine concentrations at times when cocaine concentrations had declined to below 100 ng/mL. Anhydroecgonine methyl ester was detectable in saliva following smoked drug administration, but it was quickly cleared. Terminal half-life estimates for cocaine administered by the intranasal and smoked routes were significantly shorter in saliva compared with those measured in plasma. Half-life estimates following intravenous administration tended to be lower for saliva than plasma, but the differences were not significant. The duration of pharmacologic effects was generally the same as or shorter than detection times of cocaine in plasma and saliva. Overall, the study demonstrated the usefulness of saliva as a test matrix for the detection and measurement of cocaine following administration by different routes of administration.
TAS 96/156 Jessica K. Foschi vs FINA
Facts
Jessica Foschi, appellant, appeals against the decision of the executive committee The FINA, respondent, dated June 21, 1996. The Appellant had provided samples for doping control purposes on August 4, 1995, in a post event doping control. The samples (A and B) showed the presence a metabolite of the prohibited substance mesterolone.
History
Appellant, her parents and her coach consistently denied having knowingly taken or given the prohibited substance. They even underwent a polygraph examination. The father of the appellant hired a private investigator to find out if an intentional act by another person (sabotage) could explain the positive test. No conclusive results were produced.
On October 30, 1995, appellant appeared before the USS's (United States Swimming) National Board of Review and they imposed a sanction of two year probation from the date of decision November 2, 1995. Appellant appealed against this decision but the majority of the USS Board found that Appellant didn't rebut the presumption of doping. It imposed a two year suspension on Appellant starting August 4, 1995.
Appellant invoked her right to make a final appeal to the American Arbitration Association (AAA). The hearing was held on February 29 and March 1, 1996. This panel reinstates the appellant because the imposed sanctions violated fundamental fairness and were arbitrary and capricious.
The FINA executive held a hearing on June 20, 1996, in Lausanne (Switzerland). The FINA executive decision, dated June 21, 1996, was a two years suspension in accordance with the FINA rules beginning on August 4, 1995.
Appellant appeals against the decision of the FINA executive but in a meeting, without notice to or the presence of the appellant, they unanimously rejected the appeal.
On September 3, 1996, appellant filed a declaration of appeal against the decision of the FINA Bureau with the CAS in Lausanne, which was granted.
Submissions appellant:
- The samples were never retested.
- There were irregularities in the urine collection process.
- There had been inadequate security at the meet on August 4, 1995, enabling a third party to add something containing mesterolone to her food or drink without her knowledge.
- Appellant made the suggestion that the consumption of chicken meat could have caused the positive test.
- The FINA Executive violated it's obligation to provide appellant a fair hearing.
- The appeal proceedings before the FINA Bureau did not comfort with any concept of any due process, fundamental fairness or natural justice.
- The decision issued by the FINA Executive did not comfort with any concept of any due process, fundamental fairness or natural justice.
- Her performance was not enhanced which should require dismissal of her case.
- The refusal to permit an independent laboratory to test the samples violated the right to a fair hearing. By this the Appellant can't question the findings and suggest a cover up for a laboratory mistake (the test of the B-sample was aborted and re-run).
submissions respondent:
- The doping test performed was correct and proper.
- There is no evidence that the results of her test have been wrong or tampered with by the UCLA laboratory.
- The burden of establishing how the prohibited substance had entered the body rests entirely on the athlete.
- The strict liability principle is not put in question.
- The specific substance mesterolone doesn't allow a reduction of the sentence.
- Polygraph test are not accepted as evidence.
Submissions Panel:
The panel concludes that the performed test procedures were correct however there can be a flexibility in the sanction within the FINA rules. The suggestion that the positive result came from eating chicken is pure speculation.
The consumption of mesterolone knowingly at a time when appellant knew that it was likely to be tested and at a time when the substance would not enhance performance considers a lesser degree of guilt.
Conduct of the parties:
- Appellant has shown herself to be co-operative and has taken nearly and perhaps even every, conceivable step possible in order to try and prove that she is without fault.
- Respondent's conduct has lacked correctness in various ways.
Decision
- The decision of the FINA Executive Office of June 21, 1996, confirmed by the FINA Bureau on August 3, 1996 is reversed.
- The appellant is found to have committed an offence and is suspended for a period of six months from August 4, 1195 to February 3, 1996.
- The respondent has to pay the appellant as contribution towards her expenses 15,000 Swiss Francs.
AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1996-97 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378
Tabel of contents
The structure of this report iv
Compliance index v
Abbreviations ix
Chairman's Introduction x
Board of Directors xii
Chapter 1
Corporate overview
Legislative basis
Responsible Minister
Our mission and values.
Sharpening our focus 2
Our partners 3
Social justice and equity 4
Discretionary grants 4
Internal and external scrutiny 4
Chapter 2
Critical Success Factor One: Deterence 7
Objective 1
Objective 2
Objective 3
Increase the perceived risk of being selected for a drug test 9
Increase the standard of drug testing and sample collection procedures 17
Increase the comprehensive nature of the response by sports
to banned doping practices 24
Chapter 3
Critical Success Factor Two: Education 29
Objective 4: Increase the perception that banned doping practices are cheating 30
Objective 5: Increase the skills and knowledge of government and
non-government clients 32
Objective 6: Increase the knowledge of athletes and coaches of the international
response to drugs in sport 36
Objective 7: Increase the sporting community's awareness of ASDA activities 37
Chapter 4
Critical Success Factor Three: International Response 39
Objective 8: ncrease the effectiveness of international anti-doping programmes 40
Objective 9: Increase the skills and knowledge of international clients 44
Chapter 5
Critical Success Factor Four: National Response 51
Objective 10: Increase the effectiveness of the national response to the drugs in sport issue 52
Chapter 6
Critical Success Factor Five: Client Participation 55
Objective 11: Increase the effectiveness of client involvement in planning, implementation and evaluation of agency activities 56
Chapter 7
Critical Success Factor Six: Efficiency and Accountability 61
Objective 12: Increase the effectiveness of systems and structures to enable staff to meet their responsibilities 62
Objective 13: Increase the skills of staff to meet agency's requirements 69
Objective 14: Increase the effectiveness of the planning and evaluation process 72
Chapter 8
Financial Statements 75
Independent audit report by the Australian National Audit Office 76
Statement by Directors 78
Operating statement for year ended 30 June 1997 79
Statement of assets and liabilities as at 30 June 1997 80
Statement of cash flows for the year ended 30 June 1997 81
Schedule of commitments for the year ended 30 June 1997 82
Schedule of contingencies for the year ended 30 June 1997 83
Notes to and forming part of the Financial Statements for the year ended 30 June 1997 84
Appendix 1 Objects, functions and powers of the Australian Sports Drug Agency as specified in the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 92
Appendix 2 Powers of the Minister under the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 94
Appendix 3 Summary of Entries on Register of Notifiable Events 1996-97 95
Appendix 4 ASDA testing for period 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1997 98
Appendix 5 ASDA user-pays testing for period 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1997 101
Appendix 6 Outcome of previous entries on Register of Notifiable Events for which sanctions were to be advised 103
Appendix 7 Summary of entries on Register of Notifiable Events by doping class and sport 1996-97 104
Appendix 8 Summary of entries on the Register of Notifiable Events 1991-92 to 1996-97 105
Appendix 9 Summary of entries on the International List of Incidences 1996-97 106
Appendix 10 Outcome of previous entries on the International List of Incidences for which sanctions were to be advised 106
Appendix 11 International Olympic Committee Medical Code - Prohibited classes of substances and prohibited methods 107
Appendix 12 Implementation of the National Drugs in Sport Framework by states and territories; policy, educational, legislative and drug testing components 113
Index 115
Figures
Figure 1.1 Australian Sports Drug Agency structure at 30 June 1997 2
Figure 2.1 Drug testing conducted 1992-93 to 1996-97 11
Figure 3.1 Comparison of hotline usage 33
Figure 3.2 Analysis of hotline queries 34
Figure 3.3 Handbook, hotline and Infopac distribution 35
Tables
Table 1.1 ASDA expenditure by programme 3
Table 1.2 ASDA financial and staffing resources summary 5
Table 6.1 Total number of employees at 30 June 1997 59
Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs / F. Camanni, E. Ghigo, E. Arvat
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are a series of hepta (GHRP-1)- and hexapeptides (GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin) that have been shown to be effective releasers of GH in animals and humans. More recently, a series of nonpeptidyl GH secretagogues (L-692,429, L-692,585, MK-0677) were discovered using GHRP-6 as a template. Some cyclic peptides as well as penta-, tetra-, and pseudotripeptides have also been described. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the GHRPs, as well as the current nonpeptide pharmacologic analogs. GHRPs and their analogs have no structural homology with GHRH and act via specific receptors present at either the pituitary or the hypothalamic level. The GHRP receptor has recently been cloned and it does not show sequence homology with other G-protein-coupled receptors known so far. This evidence strongly suggests the existence of a natural GHRP-like ligand which, however, has not yet been found. Although the exact mechanism of action of GHRPs has not been fully established, there is probably a dual site of action on both the pituitary and the hypothalamus, possibly involving regulatory factors in addition to GHRH and somatostatin. Moreover, the possibility that GHRPs act via an unknown hypothalamic factor (U factor) is still open. The marked GH-releasing activity of GHRPs is reproducible and dose-related after intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and even oral administration. The GH-releasing effect of GHRPs is the same in both sexes, but undergoes age-related variations. It increases from birth to puberty and decreases in aging. The GH-releasing activity of GHRPs is synergistic with that of GHRH and not affected by opioid receptor antagonists, while it is only blunted by inhibitory influences that are known to nearly abolish the effect of GHRH, such as neurotransmitters, glucose, free fatty acids, glucocorticoids, rhGH, and even exogenous somatostatin. GHRPs maintain their GH-releasing effect in somatotrope hypersecretory states, such as acromegaly, anorexia nervosa, and hyperthyroidism. On the other hand, GHRPs and their analogs have been reported to be effective in idiopathic short stature, in some situations of GH deficiency, in obesity, and in hypothyroidism, while in patients with pituitary stalk disconnection and in Cushing's syndrome the somatotrope responsiveness to GHRPs is almost absent. A potential role in the treatment of short stature, aging, catabolic states, and dilated cardiomyopathy has been envisaged.
L'image du mois. Acne gymnasium : une acne fulminante dopee = Image of the month. Gymnasium acne: a fulminant doping acne / Gérald Pierard. - (Revue Médicale de Liège 53 (1998) 8 ; p. 441-443)
Key words:
