Handel in doping : een verkennend ondezoek naar de handel in dopinggeduide middelen in Nederland / A.W.A. Koert, R. van Kleij. - i.o.v. het Nederlands Centrum voor Dopingvraagstukken (NeCeDo). - Nieuwegein, Arko Uitgeverij, 1998. - ISBN 9072047435

Doping Trade : a pilot study into the trade in doping substances in the Netherlands / A.W.A. Koert, R. van Kleij. - Netherlands Centre for Doping Affairs (NeCeDo). - Nieuwegein, Arko Publisher, 1998. - ISBN 9072047435

Naar aanleiding van met name de gesprekken met respondenten afkomstig uit de cosmetische sport, wordt geconcludeerd dat de situatie met betrekking tot het gebruik van dopinggeduide middelen om drie redenen zorgwekkend genoemd moet worden. Allereerst blijkt het gebruik ervan zich in de loop der jaren te hebben uitgebreid naar groepen die voorheen niet hun toevlucht tot deze middelen namen. De tweede reden is gelegen in feit dat er sneller dan vroeger naar dopinggeduide middelen gegrepen wordt, er hogere doseringen worden gebruikt evenals riskantere middelen.
In dit verband wordt door de betreffende respondenten gesproken over een 'pilmentaliteit'. De derde reden tot zorg is de toename van het aantal vervalsingen op de markt voor dopinggeduide middelen, en de daarmee gepaard gaande afname van de kwaliteit.
Dezelfde conclusie dient getrokken te worden naar aanleiding van wat bekend is geworden omtrent de handel in deze middelen. Hier kan geconcludeerd worden, dat er sprake is van een uitgebreid nationaal en internationaal netwerk dat zich bezighoudt met de handel in en de productie van dopinggeduide middelen. In dit netwerk doen zich nieuwe risicovolle ontwikkelingen voor. Daarmee wordt enerzijds gedoeld op de mate waarin het netwerk zich vervlecht met andere criminele netwerken en de daarmee gepaard gaande verschijnselen (bedreigingen, intimidaties, afrekeningen).
Daarnaast daalt, zoals al gezegd, hierdoor de kwaliteit van de verhandelde producten op de zwarte markt.

Inhoud:

1.) Doping in historisch perspectief
2.) Probleemstelling
3.) Methode van onderzoek
- 1. Inleiding
- 2. Het verkrijgen van het onderzoeksmateriaal
4.) Dopinggeduide middelen
- 1. Inleiding
- 2. Anabole androgene steroïden
- 3. Middelen om de bijwerkingen van anabole steroïden te onderdrukken
- 4. Afslankmiddelen
- 5. Middelen, die de werking van anabole steroïden versterken
- 6. Overige middelen
- 7. Samenvatting
5.) Gebruikers
- 1. Inleiding
- 2. Gebruik in de topsport versus gebruik in het sportschoolcircuit
- 4. Indeling van dopinggebruikers in het sportschoolcircuit
- 3. Hoe worden cosmetische sportrs gebruikters?
- 5. Tendensen in het gebruik
- 6. Conclusie en samenvatting
6.) Dopinghandelaren
- 1. Inleiding
- 2. Indeling van dopinghandelaren
- 3. Bronnen 85
- 4. Economische aspecten van de dopinghandel
- 5. Handel in dopinggeduide middelen via Internet
- 6. Samenvatting van het hoofdstuk
7.) Conclusies
8.) Aanbevelingen

Confirming testosterone administration by isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of urinary androstanediols / Cedric H. Shackleton, Andy Phillips, Tony Chang, Ye Li. - (Steroids 62 (1997) 4 (April); p. 379-387)

• PMID: 9090799
• DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00253-x

Abstract

A gas chromatographic combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometric (GC/C/IRMS) method was used for studying the incorporation of exogenous testosterone enanthate into excreted urinary 5 alpha- and 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diols. A multistep but straightforward work-up procedure produced a simple GC chromatogram of urinary steroid acetates composed principally of two androstanediols and pregnanediol. It is anticipated that such a method may form the basis of a doping control test for testosterone that could be used as a primary method during major sporting events or alternatively as a verification technique. Urine samples from five individuals were collected before and after administration of testosterone enanthate (250 mg). The delta 13C0/1000 value of andro-stanediols was around -26 to -28 during the baseline period and decreased to about -29 to -30 in the days following synthetic testosterone administration. One of the other major steroids in the chromatogram, pregnanediol, was utilized as the "internal standard," because its delta 13C0/1000 values did not markedly change following testosterone administration, remaining at -25 to -27. In all subjects studied, the delta 13C0/1000 values for androstanediols were reduced sufficiently over 8 days to confirm administration of synthetic testosterone. Although steroids isolated from urine of normal individuals from 12 different countries gave values between -24 and -28, this seemed not to be related to nationality or region. The most likely variable is the proportion of plants with low and high carbon 13 content in the diet. This variable is likely to be more affected by individual food preferences than broad ethnic food divisions. In this paper, we propose a ratio of delta 13C0/1000 for androstanediols to pregnanediol as a useful discriminant of testosterone misuse, a value above 1.1:1.0 being indicative of such misuse. The work-up procedure was designed for batch analysis and to use only simple techniques, rather than employ further instrumentation, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in purifying steroids for GC/C/IRMS.

Androstanediol and 5-androstenediol profiling for detecting exogenously administered dihydrotestosterone, epitestosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone : potential use in gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry / Cedric H.L. Shackleton, Esther Roitman, Andy Phillips, Tony Chang. - (Steroids 62 (1997) 10 (October); p. 665-673)

• PMID: 9381514
• DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(97)00065-2

Abstract

The basis of a potential method for confirming intake of four natural androgens (testosterone, epitestosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone is presented. The method relies on isolating from urine a steroid fraction containing androstenediol and androstanediol metabolites of these natural steroids and analyzing their 13C content by gas chromatography, combustion, isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The steroids were recovered from urine by conjugate hydrolysis with a Helix pomatia preparation (sulfatase and beta-glucuronidase), Girard T reagent separation to obtain a nonketonic fraction, and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography for purification. Metabolites appropriate for all of the natural steroids could be separated (as diacetates) by gas chromatography on a DB-17 capillary column viz.: 5 alpha (and beta)-androstane-3 alpha,17 alpha-diol (epitestosterone as precursor); 5 alpha (and beta)-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (testosterone as precursor); 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol (dehydroepiandrosterone precursor); and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta- (and 17 alpha-) diol (dihydrotestosterone precursor). Measurement of the 13C content of the specific analytes after ingestion of the androgen precursors demonstrated a lowering of delta 13C/1000 value compared to normal values. Typically, in the male individual studied, delta 13C/1000 values for all components were -26 to -27 before drug administration and -29 to -30 at 6 h after, the latter values reflecting those obtaining for commercial synthetic steroid compared to in vivo synthesized steroid. While generally the metabolism of the steroids was as expected, this was not the case for 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. A major metabolite was 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 alpha-diol, which had presumably been formed by 17 beta/17 alpha isomerization, a process previously known for unnatural anabolics but not for natural hormones. The isolation, purification, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry techniques described may form the basis of a general method for confirming natural steroid misuse by sports participants.

1998 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1998

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE MEDICAL CODE

PROHIBITED CLASSES OF SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS

31st January 1998

I. PROHIBITED CLASSES OF SUBSTANCES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Agents
D. Diuretics
E. Peptide and glycoprotein hormones and analogues

II. PROHIBITED METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids
E. Beta-blockers

SUMMARY OF IOC REGULATIONS FOR DRUGS WHICH NEED THE WRITTEN NOTIFICATON OF A PHYSICIAN

SUMMARY OF URINARY CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE WHICH IOC ACCREDITED LABORATORIES MUST REPORT FINDINGS FOR SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES

LIST OF EXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

TAS 98/189 Michael Dionne and US Bobsled & Skeleton Federation (USBSF) vs. Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT)

Facts
Michael Dionne, appellant and the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation (USBSF) appeal against the decision of the executive committee of the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation (FIBT). Appellant had been sanctioned with a period of ineligibility of three months for being positive tested for the prohibited substance ephedrine (A and B sample). The reason was the use of products against a cold which contained the prohibited substance. Appellant appealed because he believes the sanction was too harshly and he wanted to have the opportunity to take part in the Olympic Games of Nagano.

History
The representative of the appellant took the position that the three month suspension would violate:
- the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical code,
- the FIBT's own rules, and
- principles of fairness and proportionality reflected in previous decisions of the CAS.
The FIBT maintains that the appeal must fail because appellant didn't exhausted internal remedies within the FIBT rules. However the arbitrator remarks that it may be useful for the FIBT to reexamine and clarify its own procedure for appeals.
The arbitrator considers the penalty put upon the appellant and concludes that it was the lowest possible.
I was taken in consideration that the appellant wasn't cheating but careless towards the use of supplements.

Decision
1. The FIBT decision regarding appellant is upheld.
2. In the circumstances, the sanction thus confirmed is not considered to affect the status of appellant as an accredited member of the U.S. Olympic Team.
3. The application has not occasioned significant costs. There is no award in that regard.
4. This award shall immediately be made public.

CAS ad hoc Division (O.G. Nagano) 98/002 R. / International Olympic Committee (IOC)
CAS 1998 NAG 2 Ross Rebagliati vs International Olympic Committee (IOC)

Disqualification of an athlete for use of marijuana
Lack of legal basis to sanction the athlete

1. The sole basis to sanction the use of marijuana at the Olympic Games is Chapter II, article III, paragraph B of the IOC Medical Code, which treats the use of marijuana as doping only if there is an agreement between the IOC and the relevant international federation to that effect. Absence of any such agreement in this case.

2. The CAS recognizes that from an ethical and medical perspective, cannabinoids consumption is a matter of serious social concern. The CAS is not, however, a criminal court and can neither promulgate nor apply penal laws. The CAS must decide within the context of the law of sports, and cannot invent prohibitions or sanctions where none appear.

In February 1998 the Athlete Ross Rebagliati competed in the Canadian Men’s snowboard giant slalom during the Nagano 1998 Olympic Winter Games where he won the Olympic gold medal.

On 11 February 1998 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his sample tested positive for the substance marijuana (cannabis).
Therefore the IOC Executive Board decided to rescind the Olympic gold medal due to the positive doping test.

Hereafter the Athlete appeals the IOC Executive Board decision with the ad hoc Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) present at the Nagano 1998 Olympic Winter Games.
The Athlete stated he did not use cannabis since April 1997 and argued that the positive test was the result of second hand cannabis smoke due to he attended two parties in January 1998 where people smoked cannabis.
The CAS Panel concludes that the sanction against the Athlete lack requisite legal foundation, due to marijuana (cannabis) wasn't actually on the IOC banned-substance list.

The ad hoc Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport Panel decides:

1.) The IOC Executive Board's decision of 11 February 1998 is reversed.
2.) No costs are awarded.
3.) The decision shall be subject to immediate publication.

Cannabis has since been listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as a banned substance.

Cocaine metabolism and urinary excretion after different routes of administration / Edward J. Cone, Abraham Tsadik, Johnathan M. Oyler, William D. Darwin

• Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 20 (1998) 5 (October), p. 556-560
• PMID: 9780135
• DOI: 10.1097/00007691-199810000-00019

Abstract

Cocaine abusers frequently self-administer cocaine by different routes of administration. A controlled-dosing study was performed to assess the effect of different routes of administration on the excretion profile of cocaine and metabolites in urine. Single bioequivalent doses of cocaine were administered by the intravenous, intranasal, and smoked routes to six human subjects. Urine specimens were collected for 3 days after drug administration and were analyzed for cocaine, metabolites, and anhydroecgonine methyl ester, the thermal degradation product of cocaine, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cocaine was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and excreted in urine. Peak cocaine concentrations were generally present in the first specimen collected; thereafter, concentrations declined quickly and were usually below the limit of detection (approximately 1 ng/ml) within 24 hours. The metabolite benzoylecgonine was present in the highest concentration and represented approximately 39%, 30%, and 16%, of the administered dose by the intravenous, intranasal, and smoked routes, respectively. Combined amounts of ecgonine methyl ester and six minor metabolites (norcocaine, benzoylnorecgonine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, and p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine) accounted for approximately 18%, 15%, and 8% of the administered dose by the intravenous, intranasal, and smoked routes, respectively. Anhydroecgonine methyl ester was present in trace amounts (0.02% dose) in specimens collected after smoked cocaine administration. Because many of these metabolites exhibit pharmacologic activity, their presence in urine may indicate that they play complex biologic roles in the overall activity of cocaine.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 : a phase I study in children / Catherine Pihoker, Gregory L. Kearns, Daniel French, Cyril Y. Bowers

• Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 83 (1998) 4 (1 April), p. 1168-1172
• PMID: 9543135
• DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.4.4744

Abstract

Administration of GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) represents a potential mode of therapy for children of short stature with inadequate secretion of GH. Requisite information to determine the dosing route and frequency for GHRP-2 consists of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) for this compound, neither of which have been previously evaluated in children. The purpose of this study was to characterize the PK and PD of GHRP-2 in children with short stature. Ten prepubertal children (nine boys and one girl; 7.7 +/- 2.4 yr old) received a single 1 microg/kg i.v. dose of GHRP-2 over 1 min, followed by repeated (n = 9) blood sampling over 2 h. GHRP-2 and GH were quantitated by specific RIA methods. PK parameters were calculated from curve fitting of GHRP-2 and GH vs. time data. Posttreatment plasma GH concentrations (normalized for pretreatment values) were used as the effect measurement. PD parameters were generated using the sigmoid Emax model. Disposition of GHRP-2 best fit a biexponential function. GHRP-2 PK parameters (mean +/- SD) were: alpha = 13.4 +/- 9.7 h(-1), beta = 1.3 +/- 0.3 h(-1), t(1/2beta) = 0.55 +/- 0.14 h, AUC(0-infinity) = 2.02 +/- 1.37 ng/mL x h, Cmax = 7.4 +/- 3.8 ng/mL, plasma clearance = 0.66 +/- 0.32 L/h x kg, and apparent volume of distribution = 0.32 +/- 0.14 L/kg. PK parameters for GH were: appearance rate constant = 5.9 +/- 3.1 h(-1), elimination t(1/2) = 0.37 +/- 0.15 h, lag time = 0.05 +/- 0.01 h, Cmax = 50.7 +/- 17.2 ng/mL, Tmax = 0.42 +/- 0.16 h, and AUC(0-infinity) = 47.9 +/- 26.1 ng/mL x h. PD parameters for GHRP-2 were: Ke0 = 1.13 +/- 0.94 h(-1), gamma = 13.15 +/- 9.44, E0 = 6.63 +/- 4.86 ng/mL (GH), Emax = 67.5 +/- 23.5 ng/mL (GH), and EC50 = 1.09 +/- 0.59 ng/mL. We concluded that 1) GHRP-2 produced a predictable and significant (i.e. compared to pretreatment values) increase in plasma GH concentrations; 2) the PK-PD link model enabled quantitative assessment of GHRP-2 modulation of serum GH levels; and 3) definition of the EC50 for GHRP-2 will enable PD and PK evaluations of extravascular dosing regimens for children.

TAS 97/175 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) / A.

• Cycling
• Doping (Bromantan and Clenbuterol)
• Authority UCI to agitate
• CAS competence
• Right to be heard
• Legal Status of the Prohibited List of substances

In July 1997 the International Cycling Union (UCI) has reported several anti-doping rule violations against the Uzbek Athlete A. after his samples tested positive for the prohibited substances bromantan and clenbuterol. The Athlete A. had provided these samples at 5 cycling competitions in France in 1997 and at one stage of the 1997 Tour de France.

On 28 August 1997 the Uzbekistan Cycling Federation decided to impose on the Athlete a 6 month period of ineligibility and a Sfr. 4000 fine. Hereafter in September 1997 the UCI appealed the Uzbek decision with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).

The UCI requested the CAS Panel to set aside the Uzbek decision and to impose a 1 year period of ineligibility including a Sfr. 4000 fine and disqualification of his results and points. Consequently, even if the UCI does not necessarily intervene in disciplinary proceedings, the UCI must be considered as a party, according of Article R47 CAS Code.

The Panel makes the following observations in this case:

1.) Even if the UCI doest not participate systematically in the proceedings provided in its Rule, the UCI nevertheless remains the initiator of the prosecution of the Athlete guilty of an anti-doping violation and therefore invites the National Federation to open proceedings. Consequently, even if it does not necessarily intervene in disciplinary proceedings, the UCI must be considered as a party, within the meaning of Article R47 of the Code.

2.) When an Athlete signs for his licence he is expressly bound to submit to CAS, as authority in the final instance, his arguments in anti-doping cases.

3.) The party considering itself a victim of a violation of its right to be heard or of any other procedural fault must invoke this at once in the arbitral proceedings. Failing to do this, the party is no longer entitled to complain in the appeal against the sentence.

4.) It is not because a particular product isn’t mentioned in the UCI list of prohibited substances at the moment of the facts that it possibly can not be qualified as a doping product.

Therefore on 5 April 1998 the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides to uphold the UCI appeal, to reform the Uzbek decision of 28 August 1997 and to impose a 1 year period of ineligibility and a CHF 4000 fine on the Athlete including disqualifation of his results and poinst.

Recommendation on Blood Sampling for Doping Medical Controls / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1998

• Council of Europe Recommendation (98) 3; Strasbourg, 19-20 May 1998