Investigation of the urinary excretion of prednisolone and metabolites after nasal administration: relevance to doping control /

3 Jun 2021

Investigation of the urinary excretion of prednisolone and metabolites after nasal administration : relevance to doping control / Koen Deventer, Michael Polet, Wim Van Gansbeke, F. Hooghe, H. Van Hoecke, P. Van Eenoo. - (Drug Testing and Analysis (2021) 3 June)

  • PMID: 34081842
  • DOI: 10.1002/dta.3105

Abstract

Glucocorticosteroid (GC) use in sport is restricted to non-systemic (nasal/ophtamological/dermatological/intra-articular) use. Systemic use is prohibited because of strong inflammatory suppressing effects. Prednisolone is a GC proven to be very effective in the treatment of nasal congestions and allergic rhinitis and its therapeutic use is allowed. To establish normal urinary concentration ranges for nasally administered prednisolone, an excretion study was performed with Sofrasolone® (nasal-inhaler). 6 volunteers were administered a high dose (4.5 mg prednisolone in 4 gifts over a 9 hour period). Samples were analysed using a validated LC-MS/MS method monitoring prednisolone (PRED) and the metabolites prednisone (PREDON), 20β-dihydroprednisolone (20βPRED) and 20β-dihydroprednisolone (20βPRED) in the total fraction (glucuroconjugated and free). Maximum concentrations were 266, 500, 350 and 140 ng/ml for PRED, PREDON, 20βPRED and 20βPRED, respectively. These results show that the current reporting limit of 30 ng/ml in urine can be easily exceeded after therapeutic use. Hence, to avoid false-positive findings related to nasal application, this limit should be increased. To investigate the degree of glucuronidation of PRED and its metabolites also the free fraction was investigated. This shows that PREDON has the highest glucuroconjugation (50%). PRED, 20βPRED and 20βPRED only show less than 20% conjugation.

Applying insights from implementation and intervention science to improve the evidence base on image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) interventions

4 Jun 2021

Applying insights from implementation and intervention science to improve the evidence base on image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) interventions / Geoff Bates, Anders Schmidt Vinther

  • Performance Enhancement & Health  9 (2021) 2 (August), 100193
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2021.100193


Abstract

Recent decades have seen increased public attention devoted to the use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs). As research into the epidemiology and aetiology of IPED use has grown substantially, so has interest amongst scholars and policy makers in developing and implementing a variety of public health interventions that target potential and current IPED users. However, the evidence base on IPED interventions remains underdeveloped and few firm conclusions can be made about their impact. In short, we know very little about whether IPED interventions are appropriate, effective, ineffective, or even harmful, or why and how this is the case. In this article, we make the case for applying recent insights from intervention and implementation science to better assess the problems that require intervention, enhance the development, implementation and evaluation of IPED interventions, and improve the quality and size of the evidence base. This is necessary if we are to develop evidence-based IPED interventions that support good health and avoid the potential to do harm. We begin by discussing the different types of IPED interventions that have been introduced and what we know about their impact from the limited evaluations that have been published to date. We then discuss how methods and frameworks from intervention and implementation science can provide important insights that will greatly enhance the development, implementation, and evaluation of these interventions. Drawing on examples of IPED interventions implemented in a variety of countries we explore how these methods can be applied by those working in this field and identify guidance and tools that support their uptake. We conclude by proposing five key priorities to support the development of a more robust evidence base of IPED interventions that will, ultimately, support an evidence-based public health response to IPED use.

FIA 2019 FIA vs Leo Payen

4 Jun 2021

In January 2020 the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the French karting driver Leo Payen after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Cannabis.

After notification the Athlete admitted the violation and FIA accepted that the violation was not intentional. The parties reached an agreement which was approved by the FIA Anti-Doping Disciplinairy Committee. Here the Panel considered that there were delays in the proceedings not attributed to the Athlete.

Therefore the FIA Anti-Doping Disciplinary Committee decides on 4 June 2021 to impose a 2 year period of ineligibiltiy on the Athlete, starting on the date of the sample collection, i.e. on 28 September 2019.

FEI 2019 FEI vs Nicole Walker

4 Jun 2021

Related case:

CAS 2020/A/6695 Nicole Walker v. PANAM Sports
CAS 2020/A/6700 Equestrian Canada v. PANAM Sports
CAS 2020/A/7386 PANAM Sports v. Nicole Walker and Equestrian Canada
April 22, 2021



In August 2019 the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Canadian Athlete Nicole Walker after her A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance Cocaine. Consequently the Panam Sports Disciplinairy Commission decided on 11 Decemer 2019 to disqualify the Athlete and her results related to Team Canada.

Hereafter the case was referred to the International Equestrian Federation (FEI) and in November 2019 a provisional suspension was ordered.

The Athlete denied the intentional use of Cocaine and explained with evidence that the positive test was the result of her ingestion of tea at the hotel where she stayed at the occasion of the Pan American Games. She was not aware at that time that the green tea she took was in fact coca tea. She provided statement's from the Hotel's manager which confirmed that coca tea was offered to its guests.

The parties in this case reached an agreement and requested the FEI Tribunal to issue a Decision incorporating the terms of this agreement. The FEI Tribunal settled the case based on the written submissions of the parties.

The parties agreed that the violation was not intentional and that the Athlete bears No Significant Fault or Negligence with a light degree of Fault or Negligence. The Athlete accepted the sanction and agreed to fulfil the Education Requirement within 1 year.

Therefore the FEI Tribunal decides on 4 June 2021 in accordance with the mutual consent of the Parties to impose a fine and a 1 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete starting on 26 September 2019.

Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis

5 Jun 2021

Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis / Lorenz Göschl, Günter Gmeiner, Peter Gärtner, Georg Stadler, Valentin Enev, Mario Thevis, Wilhelm Schänzer, Sven Guddat, Guro Forsdahl. - (Drug Testing and Analysis (2021) 5 June)

  • PMID: 34089570
  • DOI: 10.1002/dta.3109


Abstract

The exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) stanozolol stays one of the most detected substances in professional sports. Its detection is a fundamental part of doping analysis, and the analysis of this steroid has been intensively investigated for a long time. This contribution to the detection of stanozolol doping describes for the first time the unambiguous proof for the existence of 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-2'N-glucuronide in stanozolol-positive human urine samples due to the access to high-quality reference standards. Examination of excretion study samples shows large detection windows for the phase-II metabolites stanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide up to 12 days and respectively up to almost 28 days. In addition, we present appropriate validation parameters for the analysis of these metabolites using a fully automatic method online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method already published before. Limits of identification (LOIs) as low as 100 pg/ml and other validation parameters like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and linearity are given.

Liver injury associated with the use of selective androgen receptor modulators and post-cycle therapy: Two case reports and literature review

6 Jun 2021

Liver injury associated with the use of selective androgen receptor modulators and post-cycle therapy : Two case reports and literature review / Tomas Koller, Petra Vrbova, Iveta Meciarova, Pavol Molcan, Michal Smitka, Svetlana Adamcova Selcanova, Lubomir Skladany. - (World Journal of Clinical Cases 9 (2021) 16 (6 June); p. 4062-4071)

  • PMID: 34141767
  • PMCID: PMC8180234
  • DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i16.4062


Abstract

Background: Muscle growth promoters are being developed for the treatment of disease-induced loss of muscle mass. Ligandrol and ostarine are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) with a non-steroidal structure and a presumably more favorable side effect profile. In recent years, these substances with or without "post-cycle therapy" (PCT) are often misused by amateur athletes aiming to promote muscle growth. At the same time, reports on their toxic effects on organ systems are emerging.

Case summary: We report two cases of liver injury in young men who used ligandrol and/or ostarine for a few weeks followed by the use of substances for PCT. Acute liver injury occurred in both cases after stopping SARMs while on PCT. The clinical picture was dominated by jaundice and fatigue. The biochemical pattern showed a mixed type of injury with normal alkaline phosphatase and high concentrations of bilirubin and serum bile acids. Histological evidence showed predominantly cholestatic injury with canalicular bile plugs, ductopenia, and mild hepatocellular damage without significant fibrosis. The patients recovered from the condition after 3 mo. The off target effects of SARMs were likely idiosyncratic, but our report highlights the yet unrecognized effects of other toxic substances used for PCT, supra-therapeutic doses, and the complete absence of monitoring for adverse effects.

Conclusion: Among muscle-building amateur athletes, SARMs (ligandrol or ostarine) and/or substances in PCT may cause cholestatic liver injury with prolonged recovery.

Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology

6 Jun 2021

Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology / Katja M. Shimko, Timothy Piatkowski, Kevin V. Thomas, Naomi Speers, Lance Brooker, Ben J. Tscharke, Jake W. O'Brien. - (Journal of Hazardous Materials 419 (2021) 5 October; 126340)

  • PMID: 34171672
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126340


Abstract

Performance- and image-enhancing drug (PIED) misuse is a significant public health issue. Currently, seizure data, surveys, anti-doping testing, and needle service provider data are used to estimate PIED use in populations. These methods are time consuming, single point-in-time measurements that often consist of small sample sizes and do not truly capture PIED prevalence. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used globally to assess and monitor licit and illicit drug consumption within the general community. This method can objectively cover large populations as well as specific subpopulations (gyms, music festivals, prisons), and has potential as a complementary monitoring method for PIED use. Information obtained through WBE could be used to aid public health authorities in developing targeted prevention and education programmes. Research on PIED analysis in wastewater is limited and presents a significant gap in the literature. The focus is on anabolic steroids, and one steroid alternative currently growing in popularity; selective androgenic receptor modulators. This encompasses medical uses, addiction, prevalence, user typology, and associated public health implications. An overview of WBE is described including its benefits, limitations and potential as a monitoring method for PIED use. A summary of previous work in this field is presented. Finally, we summarise gaps in the literature, future perspectives, and recommendations for monitoring PIEDs in wastewater.

FINCIS Annual Report 2020 (Finland)

7 Jun 2021

Suomen urheilun eettinen keskus SUEK ry vuosikertomus 2020  / Suomen urheilun eettinen keskus (SUEK). - Helsinki : SUEK, 2021

Attitudes Toward and Susceptibility to Doping in Spanish Elite and National-Standard Track and Field Athletes: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model

8 Jun 2021

Attitudes Toward and Susceptibility to Doping in Spanish Elite and National-Standard Track and Field Athletes : An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model / Elena García-Grimau, Ricardo De la Vega, Rafael De Arce, Arturo Casado. - (Frontiers in Psychology 12 (2021) 679001 (June); p. 1-9)

  • PMID: 34168599
  • PMCID: PMC8219072
  • DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679001


Abstract

The Sport Drug Control Model (SDCM) is likely to be the model which most explicitly represents the theoretical paradigm of the psychological study of the use of doping in sport. This model can be further developed through its analysis in different populations and cultures. The main aim of this study was to empirically test the SDCM while analyzing for the first time the intentions and attitudes toward doping in Spanish track and field athletes. A secondary aim was to assess the extent to which the variables in the model together predict attitude, susceptibility, and behavior toward the use of performance-enhancing substances. Participants were 281 Spanish elite and national-standard track and field athletes from whom 80.1% were 18-28 years old and 49.5% were females. Participants completed the SDCM questionnaire measuring morality, legitimacy, benefits appraisal, threat appraisal, self-efficacy to refrain from doping, reference groups' endorsement of doping methods/substances, use of legal supplements, availability and affordability of doping, attitudes toward doping, susceptibility to doping and, self-reported use of banned performance-enhancing substances or methods. Structural equation modeling supported a good fitness of the SDCM and confirmed that positive attitudes toward doping predicted high susceptibility to doping (β = 0.55, p < 0.001), which is in turn associated with the use of prohibited substances and methods (β = 0.12, p < 0.05). The factors that have most influence on attitudes toward doping are morality (β = 0.46, p < 0.001) and reference group opinion (β =0.62, p <0.001). Self-reported doping use was 9.6%. These findings confirm SDCM reproducibility and variability (as it accounts for several variables) in Spanish track and field competitive athletes. It is recommended to implement preventive programs which allow athletes to acquire a strong moral stance against doping and coaches to employ the tools required to instill and educate their athletes in rejecting these illegal practices that corrupt the integrity of competitive sport.

IOC - Medals, Diplomas and Medallist Pins Reallocation - June 2021

8 Jun 2021

Medals, Diplomas and Medallist Pins Reallocation 

  • Olympic Games London 2012
  • Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018

/ International Olympic Committee Executive Board (EB). - Lausanne : International Olympic Committee (IOC), 2021


The IOC Executive Board (EB) took the decision to reallocate medals, diplomas and medallist pins from the Olympic Games London 2012 and the Olympic Winter Games PyeongChang 2018, based on decisions made by the IOC Disciplinary Commission and the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Following the disqualification of certain athletes, the results have been adjusted accordingly by the International Federations involved.

In the men’s 69kg weightlifting event at London 2012, the third-placed and sixth-placed athletes have been disqualified, so the bronze medal is reallocated to Myong Hyok Kim of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and the subsequent ranking until eighth place has been adjusted.

In the women’s 69kg weightlifting event at London 2012, the second-placed, third-placed and fourth-placed athletes have been disqualified. 

As the reallocation of medals can be undertaken only if the athletes concerned are not currently under suspension for an Anti-Doping Rule Violation (ADRV) and/or no anti-doping proceedings are currently initiated against them, the IOC EB decided not to reallocate the silver medal to Anna Nurmukhambetova of Kazakhstan at the present time, as she is currently suspended for an ADRV until 17 September 2023.

The bronze medal is reallocated to Ubaldina Valoyes Cuesta of Colombia, and the subsequent ranking until eighth place has been adjusted.

Other diplomas and medallist pins from London 2012 and PyeongChang 2018 have also been reallocated. 

For reference, the reallocation of medals is not automatic and is decided by the IOC on a case-by-case basis. If the IOC decides to reallocate the medals, this takes place only after all the remedies of the sanctioned athletes or teams have been exhausted and once all procedures are closed.

Where such samples are available, at least one sample from any athlete bumped up should be reanalysed and confirmed negative. If no sample is available to be re-analysed, the athlete is given the benefit of the doubt.

Since 2018, athletes can choose from six options for receiving their reallocated medals in a way that recognises their achievements. This is in accordance with the Olympic Medal Reallocation Principles that were proposed by the IOC Athletes’ Commission and subsequently approved by the IOC EB.

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