Statement from National Anti-Doping Organisations on Russia Compliance Deadline

2 Jan 2019

Statement from National Anti-Doping Organisations on Russia Compliance Deadline / Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD), Anti-Doping Denmark (ADD), Anti-Doping Singapore (ADS) Antidoping Norge, [...] et al. . - 2019


NADO Leaders acknowledge the January 1, 2019 Release from WADA outlining the current status of the management of anti-doping compliance matters in Russia.

With a view to its 31 December 2018 deadline for Russia to provide the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) with the critical LIMS data from the Moscow Laboratory, the anti-doping world fully expects a decisive response in support of the clean athletes of the world. After more than three years of review, indecision and compromise in response to the worst doping scandal in the history of sport, the time has come to demonstrate that no individual nor nation is exempt from compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code.

On 20 September 2018 the WADA Executive Committee created an opportunity by providing a new opportunity for Russia to demonstrate interest in protecting the rights of clean athletes and a willingness to play by the rules. Russia has failed to meet its obligations. Therefore, we now call on WADA to stand firm, enforce the missed deadline and move without delay towards a decision in this matter. Recognizing WADA had previously scheduled a Compliance Review Committee meeting on January 14-15, 2019, NADO Leaders now call on WADA to acknowledge the gravity of this missed deadline and call for an immediate review and recommendation from the CRC.

We recognise RUSADA has been working with WADA in an effort to resolve these issues, but the conditions agreed on 20 September 2018 were unequivocal and without the data there can be only one outcome. The importance of this situation does not warrant providing a further two weeks for Russia to comply. With the interest of clean sport hanging in the balance, WADA must call for CRC to convene and consider this matter without further delay.

In October 2018 NADO Leaders signalled our steadfast commitment to the global athlete community in support of clean sport. Today, that commitment is stronger than ever, and that is why we believe Russia must be held accountable for its continuing failure to comply. A return to international sport should only be considered for Russia once full confidence in a clean Russian sporting culture is restored – in other words, only once WADA has received and verified the electronic LIMS data as well as access to the samples in the Moscow Laboratory.

NADO Leaders implore WADA to use its full authority and resources to expedite this matter.

This Statement is supported by the National Anti-Doping Organisations of: Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Singapore, Sweden, and USA.

Statistical significance of hair analysis of clenbuterol to discriminate therapeutic use from contamination

1 Nov 2014

Statistical significance of hair analysis of clenbuterol to discriminate therapeutic use from contamination / Aniko Krumbholz, Patricia Anielski, Lena Gfrerer, Matthias Graw, Hans Geyer, Wilhelm Schänzer, Jiri Dvorak, Detlef Thieme. (Drug testing and analysis 6 (2014) 11-12 (November-December); p. 1108-1116)

  • PMID: 25388545.
  • DOI: 10.1002/dta.1746

Abstract

Clenbuterol is a well-established β2-agonist, which is prohibited in sports and strictly regulated for use in the livestock industry. During the last few years clenbuterol-positive results in doping controls and in samples from residents or travellers from a high-risk country were suspected to be related the illegal use of clenbuterol for fattening. A sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to detect low clenbuterol residues in hair with a detection limit of 0.02 pg/mg. A sub-therapeutic application study and a field study with volunteers, who have a high risk of contamination, were performed. For the application study, a total dosage of 30 µg clenbuterol was applied to 20 healthy volunteers on 5 subsequent days. One month after the beginning of the application, clenbuterol was detected in the proximal hair segment (0-1 cm) in concentrations between 0.43 and 4.76 pg/mg. For the second part, samples of 66 Mexican soccer players were analyzed. In 89% of these volunteers, clenbuterol was detectable in their hair at concentrations between 0.02 and 1.90 pg/mg. A comparison of both parts showed no statistical difference between sub-therapeutic application and contamination. In contrast, discrimination to a typical abuse of clenbuterol is apparently possible. Due to these findings results of real doping control samples can be evaluated.

Steroid Madness - has the dark side of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) been over-stated?

19 May 2019

Steroid Madness - has the dark side of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) been over-stated? / Kyle J.D Mulrooney, Katinka van de Ven, Jim McVeigh, Rick Collins. - (Performance Enhancement & Health 6 (2019) 3-4 (June); p. 98-102).

  • DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2019.03.001


Introduction

Recently the journal Performance Enhancement & Health put out a call to produce a special issue on the dark side of human enhancement, including the use of legal and illegal substances, leading usto ponder whether the “dark side” of anabolic-androgenic steroids (from here on, “steroids”) has been overstated. In this commentary, we will briefly engage with this question by unpacking what we describe here as the “narrative of harm”, which tends to dominate discourses on steroid use in wider society. We then consider analternative perspective on steroid use which focuses on the users’ experience and understanding, with particular attention to the role of pleasure. Finally, we conclude by exploring some of the negative policy consequences arising from the dominance of the “narrative of harm” and advance a regulatory approach grounded in rational and research informed discussions around both the pleasures andpains of steroid use.

A more developed version of this argument can be found in the forthcoming collection Human Enhancement Drugs, published by Routledge in 2019 (Mulrooney, van de Ven, McVeigh, & Collins, 2019).

Steroidgebrauch bei Freizeit-Bodybuildern = Steroid Use in Free Time Bodybuilders

1 Jun 2021

Steroidgebrauch bei Freizeit-Bodybuildern = Steroid Use in Free Time Bodybuilders / Felicitas Michels-Lucht, Jan Schirmer, Thomas Klauer, Harald Freyberger, Michael Lucht. - (Psychotherie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie 61(2011) 12; 512-517)

  • DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1295454


Abstract

A sample of 74 male bodybuilders was analyzed for relationships between steroid abuse (abuse n=31; no abuse n=43) and self-esteem (Multidimensionale Selbstwertskala MSWS), body-image (Body-Image Questionnaire FK-ASA) as well as teasing (Physical Appearance Related Teasing Scale PARTS). In a logistic regression analysis age (p=0.001), low values for body expression (p=0.036) and high self-esteem (p=0.024) predicted steroid intake; training frequency or teasing experiences showed no effect. Contrary to earlier findings high and not low self-esteem was associated with steroid abuse. Because of the overlap between constructs narcissism and self-esteem further studies should disentangle the role of narcissism and self-esteem for steroid abuse in bodybuilders.

Steroidomics for highlighting novel serum biomarkers of testosterone doping

10 Jun 2019

Steroidomics for highlighting novel serum biomarkers of testosterone doping / Federico Ponzetto, Julien Boccard, Raul Nicoli, Tiia Kuuranne, Martial Saugy, Serge Rudaz. - (Bioanalysis 11 (2019) 12 (10 June); p. 1171-1187).

  • PMID: 31179715.
  • DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0079

Abstract:

Aim: Quantification of testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone serum concentrations proved to be an efficient alternative to urinary steroid profiling for the detection of T doping. In this context, additional serum markers could be discovered by exploratory untargeted steroidomics studies.

Results: Endogenous steroid metabolites were monitored by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry in serum samples collected during a T administration clinical trial. A three-step workflow for accurate review of annotation was used and multifactorial data analysis allowed highlighting promising serum biomarkers. Longitudinal monitoring of selected compounds was performed to assess T abuse detection capabilities.

Conclusion: Application of serum steroidomics showed high potential for biomarker discovery of T doping, suggesting longitudinal monitoring of steroid hormones in serum as a significant improvement in detection of endogenous steroids abuse.

Steroids, psychosis and poly-substance abuse

13 Oct 2014

Steroids, psychosis and poly-substance abuse / R.M. Duffy, B.D. Kelly

  • Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 32 (2015) 2 (June); p. 227-230
  • PMID: 30185243
  • DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2014.57


Abstract

Objective: To review consequences of the changing demographic profile of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use.

Method: Case report and review of key papers.

Results: We report here a case of a 19-year-old Irish male presenting with both medical and psychiatric side effects of methandrostenolone use. The man had a long-standing history of harmful cannabis use, but had not experienced previous psychotic symptoms. Following use of methandrostenolone, he developed rhabdomyolysis and a psychotic episode with homicidal ideation. Discussion Non-medical AAS use is a growing problem associated with medical, psychiatric and forensic risks. The population using these drugs has changed with the result of more frequent poly-substance misuse, potentially exacerbating these risks.

Conclusion: A higher index of suspicion is needed for AAS use. Medical personnel need to be aware of the potential side effects of their use, including the risk of violence. Research is needed to establish the magnitude of the problem in Ireland.

Stimulants and doping in sport.

16 Jan 2010

Stimulants and doping in sport / Mario Thevis, Gerd Sigmund, Hans Geyer, Wilhelm Schänzer. - (Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 39 (2010) 1 (March); p. 89-105)

  • PMID: 20122452
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2009.10.011


Abstract

Stimulants have been frequently detected in doping control samples and represent a structurally diverse class of compounds. Comprehensive sports drug-testing procedures have been developed using gas or liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometric detection, and they have revealed various adverse analytical findings, as demonstrated with 2 examples, 4-methylhexan-2-amine and methoxyphenamine. Moreover, the necessity of controlling the use or misuse of stimulating agents is outlined by means of pseudoephedrine, a compound that was prohibited in sports until the end of 2003. Since the ban was lifted, monitoring programs proved a significant increase in pseudoephedrine applications as determined from urine samples collected in competition. As a consequence, a reimplementation of this drug in future doping controls was decided.

Stimulerende zaken opgespoord : Evaluatie wetswijziging bestrijding doping in de sport

1 Sep 2005

Stimulating cases tracked down: evaluation of amendment of the act for the fight against doping in sport / J. Snippe, C. Ogier, H. Naayer, B. Bieleman. - Intraval ; i.o.v. ministerie van Justitie. - Groningen : Intraval, 2005
ISBN 9077115676

SUMMARY
Abuse of doping substances may lead to various risks for public health such as injuries due to improper use or due to the use of a product that has been prepared under suspicious circumstances, or injuries because veterinary drugs are mixed with human drugs. An important aim of the doping policy is to fight the use of doping substances in top sport and recreational sport.
To tackle the use of doping substances more effectively, an amendment of the applicable Act came into force in May 2001. The illegal trade in drugs wich are used for doping has now become part of the Economic Offences Act (Wet op de Economische Delicten: WED) while before it was part of the Dutch Provision of Medicine Act (Wet op de Geneesmiddelenvoorziening: WOG). The unauthorised production and delivery of medicines as well as the preparation, selling, delivery, import, trading or keeping in stock for delivery purposes of unregistered medicines are now regarded as economic offences. The objective of the amendment of the Act is to fight the illegal production and trade in medicines and is, therefore, also an approach that can be used more effectively for fighting the production and trade in doping substances. Experience of the investigative services has shown that the low punishment of offences of the Dutch Provision of Medicine Act in particular had an impeding effect on the investigation and prosecution of the illegal production and trade in doping substances. Therefore punishment has been increased with the amendment of the Act and the powers of the investigative services have been extended considerably.

Evaluation
INTRAVAL, bureau for research and consultancy, has evaluated the amendment to the Act on behalf of the Research and Documentation Centre (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum: WODC) of the Dutch Ministry of Justice. INTRAVAL has analysed if the fight against the illegal trade and production of doping substances has improved since the amendment of the Act. Within the framework of the research, interviews have been held with representatives of the organisations involved such as the Dutch Health Care Inspectorate (Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg: IGZ), the Economic Surveillance Department of the Inland Revenue Intelligence and Investigations Department (Economische Controle Dienst van de Fiscale Inlichtingen- en Opsporingsdienst: FIODECD), public prosecutors and heads of regional crime squads. In addition to this INTRAVAL has analysed and compared records related to criminal cases before and after the amendment of the Act, has analysed available registration data and has made a study of literature.
The research has shown that there are different bottlenecks. Due to the low priority given to trade in doping, familiarity with doping cases amongst the police and the Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie: OM) is slight. As a result, the available number of doping-related cases is limited. It is also quite difficult to find records of doping trade in the registrations of the police and the Public Prosecution Service. In spite of the limitations of the registrations, it seems that most doping cases have been found again. This is also due to the intensive personal approach of investigating and prosecuting officers.

Results
It seems that the number of criminal cases has not increased after the amendment of the Act, but proportionally more doping-related investigations (preliminary to prosecution) have been started. The extended investigative powers have, moreover, been used more
often. The deployment of scarce and expensive investigative resources (telephone taps and surveillance teams) indicates that the Public Prosecution Service is giving higher priority to doping-related cases. A few investigations (preliminary to prosecution) have been started according to the involved parties since the amendment of the Act which would probably not have been carried out should the Act not have been amended. The cooperation between the Public Prosecution Service and the FIOD-ECD with regard to doping investigations seems to have intensified during the last few years. The FIOD-ECD becomes involved in the fight against doping substances because of their fight against various types of fraud, including intellectual property fraud. Frequent use is made of the expertise of the IGZ by all the parties involved in the fight against doping substances and trade, as was the case before the Act was amended. It is unknown to what extent the amendment of the Act has affected the size of the trade and the production of doping substances. Interviews with experts have, however, shown that traders are taking more care. The threat of a more severe punishment and the possible deployment of (extended) investigative resources have lead to them being more selective in their choice of customers. Obtaining doping substances has become more difficult for users because of the above. Doping substances are mainly imported from abroad into the Netherlands. No changes have occurred regarding this either, although there have been slight shifts in the countries of origin.

Conclusion
In spite of the bottlenecks encountered during the research and the information at hand, which is limited in scope, it seems that the contemplated effect of the amendment of the Act - the improvement of the fight against the illegal trade and production of doping
substances - has been achieved. Visible improvements have, in any case, occurred with regard to the effectiveness of the fight against this type of crime. The options to tackle the illegal trade have become greater since the amendment of the Act. The set of instruments available has become broader which has lead to more investigations (preliminary to prosecution). Due to the more severe punishments the Public Prosecution Service has become more eager in starting an investigation into the trade in doping substances. Various investigations (preliminary to prosecution) would not have been carried out without the amendment to the Act.

STJD 2015 CBC vs Alex David Mayer Arseno

24 Feb 2016

In November 2015 the Brazilian Cycling Confederation (CBC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the cyclist Alex David Mayer Arseno after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Erythropoietin (EPO). After notification a provisional suspension was ordered. The Athlete filed a statement in his defence and he was heard for the Disciplinary Commission of the Brazilian Superior Court of Sport Justice.

The Athlete gave a prompt admission, announced his retirement from cycling and offered assistance to the Brazilian Doping Control Authority in revealing other doping violations in cycling.

The Disciplinary Commission established that this was the Athlete’s second anti-doping rule violation and considers grounds to reduce the sanction based on the Athlete’s prompt admission and the substantial assistance the Athlete had provided to the Brazilian Doping Control Authority.
By majority the STJD Disciplinary Commission decides on 24 February 2016 to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 11 November 2015.

STJD 2015 CBC vs Silvana Teresa Diniz Pinto

24 Feb 2016

In December 2015 the Brazilian Cycling Confederation (CBC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the paracyclist Silvana Teresa Diniz Pinto after her sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Hydrochlorothiazide. After notification a provisional suspension was ordered. The Athlete filed a statement in her defence and she was heard for the Disciplinary Commission of the Brazilian Superior Court of Sport Justice (STJD).

The Athlete (45) denied the intentional use of the substance and explained that she is only an amateur parathlete without support personnel and without sufficient knowledge of anti-doping. She testified that she underwent surgery in 2007 for thrombosis in her leg and used the substance occasionally as treatment without prescription for her condition.

The Disciplinary Commission finds that the amateur parathlete acted negligently since she failed to apply for a TUE for the use of this substance. The Commission further considers that the violation was not intentional and that there are grounds for a reduced sanction.

Therefore the STJD Disciplinary Commission decides on 24 January 2016 to impose a 6 month period of ineligibility on the Athlete starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. 7 December 2018.

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