Facts
The French Athletics Federation (Fédération Française d'Athlétisme, FFA) charges respondent M67 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a marathon on October 17, 2010, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The sample tested positive on a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent doensn't deny the use of cannabis and accepts the penalty if it is a period of ineligibility.

Decision.
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of six months in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized or authorized by the FFA.
2. The results obtained at the marathon of October 17, 2010, are cancelled. Medals, points and prizes are withdrawn.
3. The decision will start on the date of notification.
4. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Ms. Ruza Kuzieva is a Uzbekistani Athlete in the sport op IPC Powerlifting. She competeted at the 5th Fazaa International Powerlifting Competition event in Dubai, United Arab Emitates where she provided a sample for doping control.

In April 2013 the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after her A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance methandienone.
After notification a provisional suspension was ordered and the Athlete was heard for the IPC Anti-Doping Committee.

The Athlete stated she did not know how the prohibited substance entered her body and was not able to explain the adverse analytical finding. The IPC Hearing Panel concluded that it seems unlikely that the vitamin C or the anti-flu drug purchased over the counter at a pharmacy would be the source of the prohibited substance in question. In any case, the Hearing Panel requests that NPC Uzbekistan should, in advance of the hearing, have followed up with the Athlete to determine how the substance could have entered the Athlete’s body and to take steps to ensure that a similar occurrence does not take place again. The Hearing Panel requests that the IPC receive a follow-up report from the NPC regarding the issue as soon as possible.
The Hearing Panel does not consider that Article 10.5 applies as the Respondent has failed to provide evidence that the circumstances in her case were truly exceptional.

The IPC Anti-Doping Committee recommends the following to the IPC Governing Board:
(a.) pursuant to Article 9 of the Code, disqualification of the results obtained in the Competition on 23 February 2013 with all resulting consequences, including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes;
(b.) pursuant to Article 10.1 of the Code, disqualification of all of the Respondent's individual results obtained in that Event (from 23-27 February 2013) with all Consequences, including forfeiture of all medals, points and prizes;
(c.) pursuant to Article 10.2 of the Code, a two (2) year period of ineligibility should be imposed on the Respondent;
(d.) pursuant to Article 10.9.3 of the Code, the Respondent shall receive credit for the period of provisional suspension and should therefore be declared ineligible from 19 April 2013 (date of notification) until 18 April 2015; and
(e.) pursuant to Article 10.11 of the Code and the IPC Handbook, Section 2, Chapter 1.2 (‘Rules on the imposition of financial sanctions for anti-doping rule violations’), a financial sanction of €1.500,- should be imposed on the Respondent.

On 08 June 2013 the IPC Governing Board accepted the recommendation of the IPC Anti-Doping Committee.

Facts
The French Cycling Federation (Fédération Française de Cyclisme, FFC) charges respondent M66 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a cycling event on August 29, 2010, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The sample tested positive on a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substances according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent explained that the positive test was caused by passive smoking of cannabis which helps him to deal with the Crohn's disease. There was no intention to enhance sport performance. However the athlete already had received sanction for two earlier Anti-Doping violations: February 2, 2006 (one year period of ineligibility) and July 25, 2007 (2 years period of ineligibility) for the adverse analytical finding of heptaminol.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of four years in which the athlete can't take part in competition or manifestations of the French sport federations.
2. All his results obtained at August 29, 2010, are cancelled. Medals, points and prizes are withdrawn.
3. The decision will start on the date of notification.
4. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Mr. Piotr Truszkowski is a Polish Athlete in the sport of IPC Ice Sledge Hockey. He competed at the 2012 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey B Pool World Championships in Novi Sad, Serbia where he provided a sample for doping control.

In December 2012 the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance cannabis.
After notification a provisional suspension was ordered. The Athlete filed a statement in his defence and was heard for the IPC Anti-Doping Committee.

The Respondent returned the signed Letter of Decision to the IPC in a timely fashion. In the Letter of Decision, the Respondent stated that he accepted that he had committed an Anti-Doping Rule Violation; however he also included an accompanying letter requesting that consideration be given to reducing both the sanction and financial sanction. He requested that his circumstances including his phantom pain and limited income be considered when looking at his case.
The Athlete gave in his statement a detailed explanation of the many pain killers he had been prescribed. He also informed the IPC that he had tried THC as an ultimate attempt to relieve his phantom pain.

The Hearing Panel is comfortably satisfied that the Athlete did not use the substance to enhance his performance. He was also able to explain how the substance entered his body. The Hearing Panel accepts that the Respondent meets the criteria to consider a reduction or elimination of the applicable Period of Ineligibility.
The Hearing Panel notes that in this case the Polish Paralympic Committee failed in its responsibilities of educating its athletes on anti-doping matters. The Respondent declared that he had not been educated properly on anti-doping rules and matters. At the Hearing, the NPC representative, was unable to clarify whether the Polish Paralympic Committee has a well-functioning TUE Committee in place.

The IPC Anti-Doping Committee recommends the following to the IPC Governing Board:
(a.) the standard sanction should be reduced and a one-year period of ineligibility should be imposed on the Respondent;
(b.) pursuant to Article 10.9.2 of the Code, the Respondent shall receive credit for the timely admission and should therefore be declared ineligible from 13 December 2012 (date of reply to the notification accepting the commission of an anti-doping rule violation) until 12 December 2013; and
(c.) pursuant to Article 10.11 of the Code and the IPC Handbook, Section 2, Chapter 1.2 (‘Rules on the imposition of financial sanctions for anti-doping rule violations’), a financial sanction of €750 should be imposed, as this is proportionate to the reduced length of the sanction.

On 25 January 2013 the IPC Governing Board accepted the recommendation of the IPC Anti-Doping Committee.

A statistical synthesis of the literature on personal and situational variables that predict doping in physical activity settings / Nikos Ntoumanis, Johan Ng, Vassilis Barkoukis, Susan Backhouse

Executive summary

Doping behaviors are not uncommon in sport or certain types of exercise settings. Over the last two decades, there has been a growing interest in understanding the psychological mechanisms associated with doping behavior. As such, there is a need to summarize the evidence in the literature and identify demographic (e.g., sex, age) and psycho-social (e.g., attitudes, perceived norms) variables that are most strongly related to doping behaviors or intentions to engage in such behaviors. To this end, this report represents the first meta- analytical (Hunter & Schmidt, 2004) review of available studies in the extant literature. The review aimed to collectively determine (i) the predictive factors of doping intentions and doping behavior, and (ii) identify moderator variables. A total of 63 studies, spanning 1990- 2013, containing 63 independent published and unpublished datasets from 18 countries were examined and included in an analysis using odds ratios, Pearson correlations, and Cohen’s d for combining study estimates. We found that factors such as the use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, factors such as morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with both intentions
and doping behaviors.

The effects of potential moderators such as sex, publication status, and study design were also tested. Although different sizes of effect were found across distinct levels of moderators, all such effects were in the expected directions. Given that the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991; Fishbein & Cappella, 2006) has been the dominant framework in doping behavior research (e.g., Zelli et al. 2010; Lazuras et al. 2010; Goulet et al. 2010; Lucidi et al. 2008;), we used path analysis to test a TPB-based model of doping using the meta-analyzed correlations as input matrix. Our results suggested that attitudes and perceived norms (positively), and self-efficacy to refrain from doping negatively) predicted intentions to dope, and in turn predicted doping behaviors. A direct path from perceived norms to doping behaviors was also found, suggesting that perceptions of others’ behaviors may play a salient role in individuals’ doping behaviors. The findings of this meta-analysis provide an objective and concise synthesis of prior research on the psycho-social variables associated with doping behavior and indicate the stronger predictors of doping use. Overall, they highlight the need for a broader approach to anti-doping education. An approach which moves beyond curricula heavily skewed towards compliance and testing towards one that emphasize the social context of doping behavior via strength- and norm-based activities

Facts
The French Handball Federation (Fédération Française de Handball, FFHB) charges respondent M65 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on September 25, 2010, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis above the threshold value. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. Cannabis is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent acknowledges the occasional use of cannabis, he had no intention to enhance his sport performance. His position as trainer of the seniors and youngsters should be considered.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of 6 months in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestation organized by the FFHB.
2. The period of ineligibility will be reduced by the period already fulfilled by the decision (three months period of ineligibility), dated December 28, 2010, by the disciplinary committee of the FFHB.
3. The decision, dated December 28, 2010, of the disciplinary committee of the FFHB will be modified.
4. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Mr. Van Cong Le is a Vietnamese Athlete in the sport of IPC Powerlifting. He competed at the 2010 IPC Powerlifting World Championships in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia where he proved a sample for doping control.

In September 2010 the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substances prednisone and prednisolone. After notification a provisional suspension was ordered.

The Athlete submitted that he waived his right to be heard for the Anti-Doping Committee. He accepted the provisional suspension and the result of the test sample analysis.
Hereafter the IPC Anti-Doping Committee recommends to the IPC Governing Body to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the sample collection, i.e. on 25 July 2010.

On 15 October 2010 the IPC Governing Board accepted the recommendation of the IPC Anti-Doping Committee.

Facts
The French Motorycling Federation (Fédération Française de motocyclisme, FFM) charges respondent M64 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a motorcycling event on September 12, 2010, a sample was taken for doping control purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent had used cannabis the night before the doping test. There was no intention to enhance sport performances. Regarding his age there is no reason for the use of doping. However the use of cannabis in motor sports creates a dangerous situation for the driver and the crowd.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of nine months in which in the respondent can't take part in competitions and manifestations organized or authorized by the FFM.
2. The period of ineligibility will be reduced with the period already served in by the decision (three months period of ineligibility), dated December 3, 2010, of the disciplinary committee of the FFM.
3. The decision, dated December 3, 2010, of the disciplinary committee of the FFM will be modified.
4. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Football Federation (Fédération Française de Football, FFF) charges respondent M63 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on September 15, 2010, a sample was taken for doping control purposes. The analysis showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent didn't provide any information about how the prohibited substance had entered his body.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of six months in which respondent can't take part in competitions and sporting events organized or authorized by the FFF.
2. The period of ineligibility will be reduced by the period already served by the earlier decision (period of ineligibility of two months), dated December 16, 2010, from the disciplinary committee of the FFF.
3. The earlier decision dated December 16, 2010, of the disciplinary committee of the FFF will be modified.
4. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Federation of Volley-ball (French Volleyball Federation, FFVB) charges respondent M62 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a Volleyball match on January 15, 2011, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The sample showed the presence of tuaminoheptane. Tuaminohetane is a prohibited substance according the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent explains that the positive test derives from medication used against a acute nose cold. It was used daily as a spray, from January 12 - 16, 2011. A medical certificate from the physician is provided.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of two months in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestation organized by the FFVB.
2. The decision (a warning), dated April 14, 2011, of the disciplinary committee of the FFVB is cancelled.
3. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.