Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men / Kevin E. Yaraheski, Jeffrey J. Zachwieja, Jill A. Campbell, Dennis M. Bier. - (American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 268 (1995) 2 (February); E268-E276)

• PMID: 7864103
• DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.2.E268

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether growth hormone (GH) administration enhances the muscle protein anabolism associated with heavy-resistance exercise training in older men. Twenty-three healthy, sedentary men (67 +/- 1 yr) with low serum insulin-like growth factor I levels followed a 16-wk progressive resistance exercise program (75-90% max strength, 4 days/wk) after random assignment to either a GH (12.5-24 micrograms.kg-1.day-1; n = 8) or placebo (n = 15) group. Fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water increased more in the GH group. Whole body protein synthesis and breakdown rates increased in the GH group after treatment. However, increments in vastus lateralis muscle protein synthesis rate, urinary creatinine excretion, and training-specific isotonic and isokinetic muscle strength were similar in both groups, while 24-h urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion was unchanged after treatment. These observations suggest that resistance exercise training improved muscle strength and anabolism in older men, but these improvements were not enhanced when exercise was combined with daily GH administration. The greater increase in FFM with GH treatment may have been due to an increase in noncontractile protein and fluid retention.

CAS 94/129 USA Shooting & Q. / Union Internationale de Tir (UIT)

• Doping of a shooter (ephedrine)
• Disqualification and suspension for 3 months
• Absence of strict liability rule in the UIT Antidoping Regulations
• Need to establish the guilty intent of the shooter to sanction him
• Right to be heard and due process

1. If the strict liability standard is to be applied, this fact must be clearly stated. The fact that the Court of Arbitration for Sport has sympathy for the principle of a strict liability rule obviously does not allow the CAS to create such a rule where it does not exist.

2. The fight against doping is arduous, and it may require strict rules. But the rule-makers and the rule-appliers must begin by being strict with themselves. Regulations that may affect the careers of dedicated athletes must be predictable. They must emanate from duly authorised bodies. They must be adopted in constitutionally proper ways. They should not be the product of an obscure process of accretion. Athletes and officials should not be confronted with a thicket of mutually qualifying or even contradictory rules that can be understood only on the basis of the de facto practice over the course of many years of a small group of insiders.

3. If the “hearing” in a given case was insufficient in the first instance, the fact is that as long as there is a possibility of full appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport the deficiency may be cured.

The Court of Arbitration for Sport decides on 23 May 1995:

1.) Grants the relief requested by the Appellants, and accordingly:
2.) reinstates Q. as the winner of the 1994 UIT Cairo World Cup entitled to retain the gold medal from that event, and
3.) declares that USA Shooting was therefore in principle entitled to the Olympic country quota slot earned as a result of Q.’s performance (it being recognised that this slot cannot be used in practice to the extent that U.S. athletes have already attained the maximum of three slots for any one country).
4.) Makes no award of costs.

Recommendation on Standard Urine Sampling Procedures for Doping Control in and out of Competition / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1995

• Council of Europe Recommendation (95) 1

Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders / A.G. Blouin, G.S. Goldfield. - (Eating Disorders 18 (1995) 2 (September); p. 159-165)

• PMID: 7581418
• DOI: 10.1002/1098-108x(199509)18:2<159::aid-eat2260180208>3.0.co;2-3

Abstract

This study was designed to examine the association between body image and eating-related attitudes among male bodybuilders in relation to two athletic comparison groups, runners and martial artists. It was also of interest to examine whether steroid use may be associated with body image disturbances in athletes. The volunteer sample of 139 male athletes recruited from fitness centers comprised 43 bodybuilders, 48 runners, and 48 martial artists (tae kwon do practitioners). Standardized measures of body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, drive for bulk, bulimia, self-esteem, depression, maturity fears, and perfectionism as well as questionnaires designed to measure attitudes toward steroids, and rates of steroid use were administered in a manner that encouraged disclosure. Bodybuilders reported significantly greater body dissatisfaction, with a high drive for bulk, high drive for thinness, and increased bulimic tendencies than either of the other athletic groups. In addition bodybuilders reported significant elevations on measures of perfectionism, ineffectiveness, and lower self-esteem. They also reported the greatest use of anabolic steroids and most liberal attitudes towards using steroids. Steroid users reported that the most significant reason for using steroids was to improve looks. Steroid users reported an elevated drive to put on muscle mass in the form of bulk, greater maturity fears, and enhanced bulimic tendencies than nonusers. The results suggest that male bodybuilders are at risk for body image disturbance and the associated psychological characteristics that have been commonly reported among eating disorder patients. These psychological characteristics also appear to predict steroid use in this group of males.

Facts
Karen Wilkenson (the Athlete) applies for Category II Reinstatement. She was suspended from competition for four years for a violation of the Anti-Doping rules. On acquisition of her husband about tampering her doping controls she underwent an doping test under the condition: "ensure that the athlete provides a witnessed urine sample wearing a short-sleeve shirt. It is our understanding that she may be manipulating the process by substituting urine from a stored reservoir". The test took place in her office on July 7, 1995. Her sample tested positive on metabolites of the prohibited substance nandrolone.

History
The athlete denied any personal knowledge as to how the banned substance entered her body. Her "defence" is that her estranged husband, Mr. Brantley, had secretly put the drug in her soft drink and she unknowingly drank it. She relies entirely on Mr. Brantley to explain the circumstances of how the drug was administered to her. Experts proved that parts of the testimony can't be true.

Decision
Dr. Wilkinson's application for Category II Reinstatement has been denied.

AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1994-95 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Responsible Minister 3
Membership 3
Organisational structure 5
Presentations 6
Social justice 6
internal and external scrutiny 6

Chapter 2
Testing, research and policy 9
Objectives and resources 9
Drug testing 9
Register of Notifiable Events 14
Drug testing officials 15
Analytical services 16
Research 18
Policy 19
International Court of Arbitration for Sport 21
Special interest groups 21
Legislation 24
Special operational issues 26

Chapter 3
Education 29
Objectives and resources 30
School-based education programs 30
Sport-based education programs 31
information services 35
Public relations 37

Chapter 4
International 41
Objectives and resources 41
Working with international sporting federations 42
International agreements 43
International visitors 46
Drug tests statistical survey 47
Information dissemination 48
Working with government agencies 48

Chapter 5
Corporate 49
Objectives and resources 49
Planning and evaluation 49
Research 53
National activities 54
Finance 56
Human resource management 58
Staff development 59
Social justice 60
Administrative services 64

Chapter 6
Financial statements 67
1 Objects, functions and powers of the Australian Sports Drug Agency as specified in the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 84
2 Powers of the Minister under the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 86
3 Presentations by ASDA officials 1994-95 88
4 Doping control laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee 90
5 International Olympic Committee Medical Code 100
6 ASDA testing for period 1 July 1994 to 30 June 1995 100
7 User pays testing 1 July 1994 to 30 June 1995 101
8 Summary of Entries on Register of Notifiable Events 1994-95 102
9 1994-95 Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Government Analytical Laboratories and the Australian Sports Drug Agency 104
10 State Coordinators of the School Development in Health Education Project 107
11 Educational resource material distribution 1994-95 108
12 Sports Drug Education Unit advisory committees 109
13 Portfolio evaluation steering committee 110
14 Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Sports Drug Agency and the Chinese Olympic Committee Anti-Doping Commission 111
15 International testing statistics 1993 113
16 Agency resources to international clients 1994-95 116
17 Complementary Drug Testing Legislation definition of competitor 118
18 Summary of compliance with reporting guidelines 119
INDEX 120
TABLES
1.1 Financial and staffing resources summary 6
1.2 Expenditure by program 7
2.1 Summary of entries on Register of Notifiable Events by doping class and sport 15
2.2 Summary of defaulting competitors on the Register of Notifiable Events: 1991-92 to 1994-95 15
3.1 Drugs in Sport Hotline — summary 37
5.1 Strategic Plan performance information 51
5.2 Total number of employees at 30 June 1995 59
5.3 Summary of training undertaken 59
5.4 Categories of training 60

Figures
1.1 Mission, vision and corporate values of the Strategic Plan 1995-97 1
1.2 Outcome Hierachy 2
1.3 Primary functions of each program area 3
1.4 Organisation of the Australian Sports Drug Agency 5

G K Lijesen, I Theeuwen, W J Assendelft, and G Van Der Wal
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1995 September; 40(3): 237–243.

Abstract

1. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess if there is scientific ground for the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of obesity.
2. Published papers relating to eight controlled and 16 uncontrolled trials that measured the effect of HCG in the treatment of obesity were traced by computer-aided search and citation tracking.
3. The trials were scored for the quality of the methods (based on four main categories: study population, interventions, measurement of effect, and data presentation and analysis) and the main conclusion of author(s) with regard to weight-loss, fat-redistribution, hunger, and feeling of well-being.
4. Methodological scores ranged from 16 to 73 points (maximum score 100), suggesting that most studies were of poor methodological quality. Of the 12 studies scoring 50 or more points, one reported that HCG was a useful adjunct. The studies scoring 50 or more points were all controlled.
5. We conclude that there is no scientific evidence that HCG is effective in the treatment of obesity; it does not bring about weight-loss of fat-redistribution, nor does it reduce hunger or induce a feeling of well-being.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cocaine / Edward J. Cone

• Journal of Analytical Toxicology 19 (1995) 6 (October), p. 459-478
• PMID: 8926741
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/19.6.459

Abstract

A dramatic shift has occurred over the last decade in the route of cocaine administration by drug abusers in the United States. The favored route has changed from intranasal and intravenous use to administration of cocaine ("crack") by the smoking route. The reasons for this shift are not well understood but may include social and environmental factors such as the ease and convenience of the smoking route, avoidance of needle-transmitted disease, and possible pharmacological differences produced by the different routes of administration. This study examined the influences exerted by changes in the route of administration on pharmacokinetic parameters and drug-induced behavioral and physiological effects of cocaine. Six male subjects who provided informed consent and had a recent history of cocaine use by the intravenous and smoked routes participated in a blind, double-dummy, crossover study conducted on a clinical research ward. On different occasions, subjects received single doses of cocaine by the intravenous (25 mg, cocaine HCl), intranasal (32 mg, cocaine HCl), and smoked (42 mg, cocaine base) routes. Physiological and behavioral measures were collected prior to and periodically after drug administration. Concurrent blood samples were collected and analyzed for cocaine and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Plasma concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine were fitted to pharmacokinetic models by nonlinear regression analysis. Behavioral measures of "good" drug effects and "liking" were higher by the smoked route than the intravenous route, but physiological changes were approximately equal at equivalent plasma concentrations of cocaine. Intranasal cocaine administration was characterized by lower cocaine plasma concentrations and a slower onset of pharmacological effects that were generally of lesser magnitude than those observed by other routes of administration. Overall, this study demonstrated that cocaine administration by the smoked route produced substantially higher behavioral responses than an equivalent dose of cocaine administered by the intravenous route. This finding suggests that smoked cocaine (crack) has a higher abuse liability and greater dependence-producing properties than equivalent doses of cocaine administered by the intravenous or intranasal route.

Wide L, Bengtsson C, Berglund B, Ekblom B. Detection in blood and urine of recombinant erythropoietin administered to healthy men.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Nov;27(11):1569-76.

Avis consultatif TAS 95/144 Comités Olympiques Européens (COE)

Related case:

CAS 1994/128 UCI vs CONI
January 5, 1995

• Anti-Doping Rules
• Competence to regulate doping in multidisciplinary competitions organized by Associations of National Olympic
• Committees

On 5 January 1995, at the request of UCI and CONI (TAS 94/128 UCI-CONI), the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) ruled in an advisory opinion about four questions. In the matter about the authority in international competitions the CAS Panel ruled that the UCI is authorized as International Federation and NOC and any other national sports body are subsidiair.

Because of this remdered opinion TAS 94/128 the Intenational Olympic Committee (IOC) requested in August 1995 the CAS Panel to render an advisory opinion about 2 questions:

1.) Can Associations of National Olympic Committees (NOC) that organize multidisciplinary international competitions, such as the Pan American Games, the Mediterranean Games, the European Youth Olympic Days, in particular, fully implement the IOC Anti-Doping Rules?
2.) Are the NOC Associations authorized in this matter?

On 21 December 1995 CAS Panel rules:

1.) The Anti-Doping Rules applied to multidisciplinary competitions organized by continental or regional NOC Associations fall under the IOC Medical Code as enforcement of Rule 48 of the Olympic Charter.

2.) Without prejudice to the answer to the first question, it seems advisable that NOC Associations organizing multidisciplinary competitions in their constitutive texts should clearly refer to the IOC Medical Code constituent the applicable anti-doping rules.

3.) In multidisciplinary competitions organized by NOC Associations any other anti-doping regulations than the IOC Medical Code can only be applied subsidiair.