Beta-Blockade used in precision sports: effect on pistol shooting performance / P. Kruse, J. Ladefoged, U. Nielsen, P.E. Paulev, J.P. Sørensen. - (Journal of Applied Physiology 61 (1986) 2 (August); p. 417-420)

• PMID: 2875053
• DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.2.417

Abstract

In a double-blind cross-over study of 33 marksmen (standard pistol, 25 m) the adrenergic beta 1-receptor blocker, metoprolol, was compared to placebo. Metoprolol obviously improved the pistol shooting performance compared with placebo. Shooting improved by 13.4% of possible improvement (i.e., 600 points minus actual points obtained) as an average (SE = 4%, 2P less than 0.002). The most skilled athletes demonstrated the clearest metoprolol improvement. We found no correlation between the shooting improvement and changes in the cardiovascular variables (i.e., changes of heart rate and systolic blood pressure) and no correlation to the estimated maximum O2 uptake. The shooting improvement is an effect of metoprolol on hand tremor. Emotional increase of heart rate and systolic blood pressure seem to be a beta 1-receptor phenomenon.

Resolution on Doping in Sport / European Ministers of Sport. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1986. - (Council of Europe Resolution (86) 4; Dublin, 30 September - 2 October 1986)

Urinary excretion of cocaine and benzoylecgonine following oral ingestion in a single subject / R.C. Baselt, R. Chang

• Journal of Analytical Toxicology 11 (1987) 2 (March-April), p. 81–82
• PMID: 3573730
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/11.2.81

Abstract

A 25 mg oral dose of cocaine HCl given to a single volunteer resulted in a peak urinary cocaine concentration of 269 ng/mL at 1 h, and a peak benzoylecgonine concentration of 7,940 ng/mL at 12 h. Urine benzoylecgonine concentrations remained in excess of 300 ng/mL for 48 h. We conclude that small, oral doses of cocaine, potentially undetectable to the user, may cause positive urine test results for at least 48 h using routine detection methods.

The effects of red blood cell infusion on 10-km race time / A.J. Brien, T.L. Simon. - (Journal of the American Medical Association 257 (1987) 20 (May); p. 2761-2765)

• PMID: 3573270
• DOI: 10.1001/jama.1987.03390200101022

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of infusion of 400 mL of red blood cells (RBCs) on 10-km track race time, submaximal heart rate, hematocrit, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and partial pressure of oxygen at 50% hemoglobin saturation. Six highly trained, male, distance runners twice donated a unit of RBCs, which was frozen for subsequent reinfusion. Eleven weeks after the second donation, they undertook a series of three competitive 10-km races on a standard 400-m track: before infusion, after 100 mL of saline solution, and after 400 mL of autologous, previously frozen deglycerolized RBCs. All subjects took all trials in this double-blind, placebo, crossover, experimental design. Running time was recorded at each 400-m split, and blood was collected prior to each trial. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance. Results following the RBC infusion showed a significantly higher hematocrit concentration, a significantly faster 10-km run, a nonsignificant decrease in submaximal heart rate (10 beats faster 10-km run, a nonsignificant decrease in submaximal heart rate (10 beats per minute), and no significant changes in either 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or partial pressure of oxygen at 50% hemoglobin saturation. Erythrocythemia induced by the infusion of 400 mL of autologous packed RBCs effectively increased performance capacity in a 10-km track race, probably due to an increase in oxygen delivery to the working muscles.

1988 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1987

List of Doping Classes and Methods

I. DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS
A. Alcohol
B. Local anaesthetics
C. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

Recommendation on the Institution of Doping Controls without Warning outside Competition / Committee of Ministers to Member States. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1988. - (Council of Europe Recommendation (1988) 12; 21 June 1988). - Recommendation adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 21 June 1988 at the 418th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies

The problems of oral contraceptives in dope control of anabolic steroids / Douwe de Boer, E. de Jong, R.A. Maes, J.M. van Rossum. - (Biomedical & Environmental Mass Spectrometry 17 (1988) 2 (August); p. 127-128)

• PMID: 3191251
• DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200170209

Abstract

Caution should be practiced with oral contraceptives in dope control of anabolic steroids. Research in the Netherlands has shown that there are problems in the area of dope control of anabolic steroids: 1) when the oral contraceptive norethisterone is introduced, it changes within the body to a small amount of 19-norandrosterone, the primary metabolite of the anabolic steroid 19-nortetosterone. As a result, this transformation makes it hard to detect the origin of 19-norandrosterone. The derivatives of the main metabolite of norethisterone and methenolone have similar retention times and mass fragments, making screening difficult. The main metabolite of norethisterone also interferes with methenolone, another anabolic steroid. However, the latter problem is a solvable one. The derivatisation process used to confirm the use of methenolone is described. More testing of urine samples after sporting events will be presented in a successive report. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry process for detecting and confirming metabolites is recommended by the Medical Commission of the International Committee.

Why do doping control labs need a tandem mass spectrometer? / E.G. de Jong, R.A. Maes, J.M. van Rossum. - (Biomedical & Environmental Mass Spectrometry 16 (1988) 1-12 (October); p. 75-80)

• PMID: 3242711
• DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200160115

Abstract

The International Olympic Committee requires a confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for all positive doping cases. Because of the severe consequences involved they should be more specific about the required information and determine the differences allowed. The use of tandem mass spectrometry in dope control should be required before the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992. This article shows the power of tandem mass spectrometry in the definite identification of a drug.

Doping Control of Athletes / E.G. de Jong. R.A.A. Maes, J.M. van Rossum. - (TrAC. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 7 (1988) 10 (November-December); p. 375-382)

1989 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1989

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library