Doping Dokumente : Von der Forschung zum Betrug / Birgit Berendonk. - Berlin : Springer Verlag, 1991

• ISBN 3540537422
• ISBN 0387537422

First edition of the book on East German Anti-doping.

Geahnt und befürchtet hatten die Sportbegeisterten und -zuschauer schon seit langem, daß im Leistungssport gedopt wird. Trotz gelegentlicher Selbstbekenntnisse von Sportlern aber wurde dies von offizieller Seite stets bestritten und Vermutungen als bösartig und falsch abgetan. Noch bestand Hoffnung, daß Fairness und natürliche Freude am Wettkampf im Spitzensport ausschlaggebend sei. Erst als sich deutliche Hinweise - u.a. Ben Johnson in Seoul - nicht mehr abstreiten ließen, fanden in den USA, in Canada und Australien offizielle Untersuchungen statt. Bei den dabei unter Eid gemachten Aussagen von Sportlern, Trainern, Sportmedizinern und Funktionären kam das ungeheure Ausmaß des Dopingmißbrauchs langsam ans Tageslicht. Auch in der Bundesrepublik wurde eine Kommission eingesetzt, deren nun vorliegender Bericht zeigt, daß zumindest in der ehemaligen DDR flächendeckend gedopt wurde. Die offizielle Empfehlung lautet allerdings: keinen Schuldigen nennen, schweigen - und schweigend weiterdopen, um auch bei den nächsten internationalen Sportfesten glänzen zu können. Ohne die genauen Fakten und Namen der Verantwortlichen und Mittäter zu nennen, wird es aber keine Reinigung des Sports vom Doping und keine Zukunft für einen menschenwürdigen Leistungssport geben. Noch gelten die Anabolika-unterstützten Rekorde als Vorgaben. Deshalb und besonders auch der zahlreichen Opfer wegen - der ohne ihr Wissen mit Hormonen behandelten oft jugendlichen Sportler auf der einen Seite sowie derjenigen, die vergeblich versucht hatten, auf faire Art sportliche Leistungen zu erbringen - hat sich die Autorin entschlossen, mit diesem Buch die Wahrheit an die Öffentlichkeit zu bringen. Dokumentiert wird auch, welche gesundheitlichen und psychischen Schäden durch Dopingmittel (androgene Hormone) besonders im Frauensport angerichtet werden, und wie Sportmediziner und Wissenschaftler mitgewirkt haben an Menschen-Versuchen und Forschungsvorhaben mit dem Ziel, neue, stärkere Mittel zu entwickeln und Dopingkontrollen effektiver zu umgehen. Brigitte Berendonk war viele Jahre erfolgreich im Spitzensport - u.a. Deutsche Jugendmeisterin in der damaligen DDR, dann in der BRD, später Deutsche Meisterin im Diskuswerfen und Kugelstoßen und zweifache Olympiateilnehmerin. Insgesamt 39 mal startete sie in der deutschen Leichtathletik-Nationalmannschaft der Frauen. Ein Hamburger Nachrichten-Magazin wird zum Erscheinen über Doping Dokumente berichten.

Doping control of testosterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin : a case study / Douwe de Boer, E.G. de Jong, J.M. van Rossum, R.A. Maes. - (International Journal of Sports Medicine 12 (1991) 1 (February); p. 46-51)

• PMID: 2030059
• DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1024654

Erratum in:

• Int J Sports Med 1991 Aug;12(4):430. De Jong EG [corrected to de Jong EG]

Abstract

Doping control for testosterone and human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) requires special attention as a difference must be made between the endogenous and exogenous origin of both substances. The detection of exogenous testosterone is based on the ratio of testosterone- to epitestosterone-glucuronide (T/E) in urine. The problems with this ratio are discussed. For hCG analysis in urine the utilization of sandwich-type hCG specific assays instead of hCG/hCG beta competitive assays is recommended. A case study in which an athlete self-administered testosterone and hCG before a competition is described. The T/E ratio and hCG concentration in urine were followed during this period of self-administration. The results demonstrate the relevance of the T/E ratio and of the selected hCG assay. The ratio of testosterone to human Luteinizing Hormone (T/hLH) in serum also indicated the use of hormones. Although the athlete's urine was negative for exogenous testosterone directly after competition, he would have been found positive for hCG.

Anabolic steroids : interest among parents and nonathletes / P.S. Salva, G.E Bacon. - (Southern medical journal 84 (1984) 5; p. 552-556)

• PMID: 2035071

Abstract

To determine the nature and extent of public interest in anabolic steroids, questionnaires were sent to 1290 family physicians and pediatricians in Texas. Of the 517 respondents, 55% reported being asked about steroids or seeing possible steroid users in their practices during the previous 5 years; 261 physicians (51%) reported 1682 inquiries. High school aged boys were the subject of 60% of all inquiries, 26% of which were made by parents and were exclusively related to sports. Football and athletics in general were the most common reasons for inquiry (62%), but 36% of the adolescents were interested in steroids for psychosocial reasons. Nearly 60% of the inquiries by adolescents and 36% of those by parents were considered to be serious, as opposed to casual. All inquiries regarding adolescents were for boys, and less than 1% were nonwhite. On hundred seventy-seven physicians (34%) reported 802 possible steroid users. Only 17 patients fit the stereotype of a steroid user (ie, competitive bodybuilders or professional and collegiate athletes); football players comprised 12.4% of the total. Those thought to be using steroids for psychosocial reasons equaled almost 10% of the total. All those identified as steroid users were male and only nine were nonwhite. The survey results suggest that interest in and use of anabolic steroids are common, rather than the exclusive purview of competitive athletes. This study is the first to demonstrate parental interest in anabolic steroids.

Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence / K.J. Brower, F.C. Blow, J.P. Young, E.M. Hill. - (British Journal of Addiction 86 (1991) 6 (June); p. 759-768)

• PMID: 1878625
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03101.x

Abstract

Forty-nine male weight lifters, all users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to investigate addictive patterns of use. At least one DSM-III-R symptom of dependence was reported by 94% of the sample. Three or more symptoms, consistent with a diagnosis of dependence, were reported by 57%. Dependent users (n = 28) could be distinguished from non-dependent users (n = 21) by their use of larger doses, more cycles of use, more dissatisfaction with body size, and more aggressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that dosage and dissatisfaction with body size were the best predictors of dependent use. Patterns of other substances used, although not predictive of AAS dependence, revealed very low cigarette use and at the same time high alcohol consumption. These data support the notion that AASs are addicting, and suggest that dissatisfaction with body size may lead to dependent patterns of use. The implications for both prevention and treatment are discussed.

The analysis of trenbolone and the human urinary metabolites of trenbolone acetate by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry / Douwe de Boer, M.E. Gainza Bernal, R.D. van Ooyen, R.A. Maes. - (Biological Mass Spectromety 20 (1991) 8 (August); p. 459-466)

• PMID: 1768702
• DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200200805

Abstract

The electron impact mass spectrometric properties of trimethylsilyl ether and fluoroacyl ester derivatives of trenbolone, combined or not combined with a methoxime group, are presented. Some derivatization problems were observed and were due to the formation of enol derivatives at the 3C-position in several tautomeric forms, which in their turn were not stable and lost two or four hydrogens under the conditions studied. The enolization could be minimized by carefully selecting the reaction conditions or could be prevented by the introduction of a methoxime group at the 3C-position. The limits of detection and identification of the methoxime heptafluorobutyryl ester and the methoxime trimethylsilyl ether derivative of trenbolone were determined using a mass selective detector in the electron impact mode and a triple-stage quadrupole in the methane positive chemical ionization mode. Selected reaction monitoring in tandem mass spectrometry did not improve the limit of detection, but because of the gain in selectivity did improve the limit of identification. The glucuronides of trenbolone and epitrenbolone could be identified in three urine specimens out of 200 samples in routine doping control.

AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1990-91 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia

CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal iii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: Education and Research Program 7
Chapter 3: Drug Testing and Sampling Program 17
Chapter 4: Management and Corporate Services 21

TABLE CONTENT
Table 1 List of papers presented or published by the Agency 1990-91 25
Table 2 List of ASDA resources 27
Table 3 List of sports represented in the study 28
Table 4 Number of groups per 'sporting role' 28
Table 5 List of tests conducted 29
Table 6 Summary of defaults 30
Table 7 List of defaults—by sport 35
Table 8 List of substances found in positive drug tests—by class of International Olympic Committee listed drugs 36
Table 9 International sporting events held in Australia in which ASDA was involved in drug testing 36

Financial Statements
Appendix IV
Appendix V
Appendix VI
Appendix VII
Index
Appendix I: List of laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee as at January 1991 37
Appendix II: Schedule of drugs listed by the International Olympic Committee 49
Appendix III: Multilateral Agreement in unification of actions in struggle against doping use in sports 55
Appendix IV: Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom concerning the reciprocal development and enforcement of measures against doping in sport 58
Appendix V: Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Sports Drug Agency and the Australian Government Analytical Laboratory 62
Appendix VI: International Olympic Charter Against Doping in Sport—model for a national anti-doping program 69
Appendix VII : Agency staffing levels as at 30 June 1991 71
Index 73

Personality, Mood, and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Anabolic Steroid Users /  Howard B. Moss, George L. Panzak, Ralph E. Tarter. - (American Journal on Addiction 1 (1992) 4 (Fall); p. 315-324)

Abstract

The relationship between use of anabolic stemids (ASS) and specific personality dimensions was assessed in 50 male bodybuilders who were current or past users compared with a sample of 25 age-matched, “natural” male My builders who never used ASS. No personality differences were found. me relationship between current AS use and the presence of variations in mood state, hostility, and psychiatric symptomatology was then evaluated. Current AS users scored higher than non-users only on psychometric scales measuring hostility, aggression, and somatization. Thus, reports that AS use was associated with significant psychopathology, other than aggression and somatization, could not be confirmed.

December1991 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1991

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

The detection of danazol and its significance in doping analysis / Douwe de Boer, E.G. de Jong, R.A. Maes. - (Journal of Analytical Toxicology 16 (1992) 1 (January-February); p. 14-18)

• PMID: 1640693
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/16.1.14

Abstract

The use of anabolic steroids and related compounds in sport is forbidden by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Because danazol (17 alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-D] isoxazol-17 beta-ol) is structurally related to the anabolic steroid stanozolol, its use should be questioned. Therefore, the detection and the significance of danazol in doping analysis are discussed. A urine specimen suspected of containing danazol metabolites was analyzed in order to characterize the metabolites. After isolation and conversion into three different derivatives, the metabolites were subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the electron impact (EI) mode. The structure assignment was based on the molecular ions, fragmentation patterns observed for the three different derivatives, and the possible metabolite structures given in the literature. Ethisterone was identified as a nonconjugated metabolite. 2-Hydroxymethylethisterone was observed in two stereoisomeric forms. One stereoisomer was found mainly in the nonconjugated steroid fraction and the other in the conjugated fraction. The results were confirmed by analyzing urine specimens of a volunteer who was known to have taken danazol. Derivatization methods and GC/MS data are given to implement danazol detection in routine screening and confirmation procedures.

Albrecht RR, Anderson WA, McGrew CA, McKeag DB, Hough DO.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Feb;24(2):242-6.
Office of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.

One aspect of the current drug-testing controversy that has gone relatively unexamined concerns the extent to which student-athletes are fully informed of the testing procedures employed by their institution.

College athletes (N = 2,282) participating at 11 NCAAaffiliated institutions nationwide were surveyed as to their awareness of their school's drugtesting program.

Results indicate athletes have numerous misconceptions regarding the drug testing to which they may be subjected. Over one-third of the athletes attending "testing" institutions were oblivious to the fact their school was engaged in drug-testing, and more than 70% were unable to correctly identify their school's drug-testing protocol.

Implications of such ignorance are discussed.

PMID: 1549014 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]