Effects of nandrolone decanoate on bone mass in established osteoporosis / M. Passeri, M. Pedrazzoni, G. Pioli, L. Butturini, A.H. Ruys, M.G. Cortenraad. - (Maturitas 17 (1993) 3 (1 November); p. 211-219)

• PMID: 8133796
• DOI: 10.1016/0378-5122(93)90049-n

Abstract

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 46 postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis in order to assess the long-term effects of nandrolone decanoate on the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and of the distal third of the radius and on the biochemical markers of bone turnover. The patients received intramuscular injections of placebo or 50 mg nandrolone decanoate every 3 weeks for 18 months. Thirty-two of the initial 46 patients completed 1 year of study and 25 completed the whole study period of 18 months. Overall, vertebral BMD increased by 2.9% in the nandrolone decanoate group and fell by 2.3% in the placebo group. Radial BMD showed a slight but transient improvement, with a subsequent return to basal levels in the nandrolone decanoate group, whereas there was a progressive decrease in the placebo group. Patients treated with nandrolone decanoate also complained less of bone pain. Urinary hydroxyproline decreased significantly in treated patients, whereas osteocalcin tended to increase, but the change was not significant. HDL cholesterol concentrations decreased only slightly and haemoglobin increased significantly in the nandrolone decanoate group. Two patients treated with nandrolone decanoate withdrew from the study because of hirsutism and hoarseness. The results indicate that nandrolone decanoate exerts positive effects on vertebral BMD and on bone pain in patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis.

1993 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1993

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE MEDICAL COMMISSION LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS 17TH MARCH 1993

I. DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Agents
D. Diuretics
E. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids
E. Beta-blockers

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

Short-term growth hormone treatment does not increase muscle protein synthesis in experienced weight lifters / Kevin E. Yaraheski, Jeffrey J. Zachwieja, Theodore J. Angelopoulos, Dennis M. Bier. - (Journal of Applied Physiology 74 (1993) 6 (June); p. 3073-3076)

• PMID: 8366011
• DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.3073

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether recombinant human growth hormone (GH) administration enhances muscle protein anabolism in experienced weight lifters. The fractional rate of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the whole body rate of protein breakdown were determined during a constant intravenous infusion of [13C]leucine in 7 young (23 +/- 2 yr; 86.2 +/- 4.6 kg) healthy experienced male weight lifters before and at the end of 14 days of subcutaneous GH administration (40 microgram.kg-1 x day-1). GH administration increased fasting serum insulin-like growth factor-I (from 224 +/- 20 to 589 +/- 80 ng/ml, P = 0.002) but did not increase the fractional rate of muscle protein synthesis (from 0.034 +/- 0.004 to 0.034 +/- 0.002%/h) or reduce the rate of whole body protein breakdown (from 103 +/- 4 to 108 +/- 5 mumol.kg-1 x h-1). These findings suggest that short-term GH treatment does not increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis or reduce the rate of whole body protein breakdown, metabolic alterations that would promote muscle protein anabolism in experienced weight lifters attempting to further increase muscle mass.

The Sturm und Drang of anabolic steroid use: angst, anxiety, and aggression / , Leslie P. Henderson

• Trends in Neurosciences 35 (2012) 6 (1 June); p. 382-392
• PMID: 22516619
• PMCID: PMC4127319
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.03.001

Abstract

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are illicitly administered to enhance athletic performance and body image. Although conferring positive actions on performance, steroid abuse is associated with changes in anxiety and aggression. AAS users are often keenly invested in understanding the biological actions of these drugs. Thus, mechanistic information on AAS actions is important not only for the biomedical community, but also for steroid users. Here we review findings from animal studies on the impact of AAS exposure on neural systems that are crucial for the production of anxiety and aggression, and compare the effects of the different classes of AAS and their potential signaling mechanisms, as well as context-, age- and sex-dependent aspects of their actions.

Neuropsychiatric Effects of Anabolic Steroids in Male Normal Volunteers / Tung-Ping Su, Michael Pagliaro, Peter J. Schmidt. - (Journal of the American Medical Association 269 (1993) 21 (2 June); p. 2760-2764)

• PMID: 8492402
• DOI:10.1001/jama.1993.0350021006003

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of anabolic steroids on mood and behavior in male normal volunteers.

Design: A 2-week, double-blind (subject and rater), fixed-order, placebo-controlled crossover trial of methyltestosterone.

Setting: An inpatient research unit at the National Institutes of Health.

Subjects: A volunteer sample of 20 men who were medication free, free of medical and psychiatric illness, not involved in athletic training, and had no prior history of anabolic steroid use.

Intervention: A sequential trial for 3 days each of the following four drug conditions: placebo baseline, low-dose methyltestosterone (40 mg/d), high-dose methyltestosterone (240 mg/d), and placebo withdrawal.

Main outcome measures: Mood and behavioral ratings were completed during each drug condition and included both subjective and objective measures.

Results: Significant (P < .05) albeit subtle increases in symptom scores were observed during high-dose methyltestosterone administration compared with baseline in positive mood (euphoria, energy, and sexual arousal), negative mood (irritability, mood swings, violent feelings, and hostility), and cognitive impairment (distractibility, forgetfulness, and confusion). An acute manic episode was observed in one of the 20 subjects, representing a 5% incidence, even under these conservative conditions. An additional subject became hypomanic. Baseline characteristics including family psychiatric history or previous drug abuse did not predict symptom changes.

Conclusion: This is the first placebo-controlled prospective study demonstrating the adverse and activating mood and behavioral effects of anabolic steroids.

AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1992-93 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378

CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables 10
List of Appendices 11
Summary of Compliance with Reporting Guidelines 13

Chapter One
Introduction 14
Objects, Functions and Powers 16
Responsible Minister 18
Membership 19
Board Meetings 19
The Staff of the Agency 21
Publications and Presentations 21
Social Justice 22
Special Operational Issues 26
Summary of Outcomes for 1992-93 28
Outlook of Activities for 1993-94 31

Chapter Two
Policy and Research Program 35
Objective 35
International Initiatives and Activities 35
Policy Development within Australia 44
Legislation 54
Research 56

Chapter Three
Drug Testing Program 63
Objective 63
Drug Testing Management System 63

Chapter Four
Education Program 66
Objectives 66
School-based Education Programs 66
Sports-based Education Programs 68
Information Services 69

Chapter Five
Executive-Corporate Operations Program 73
Objective 73
Finance 73
Memorandum of Understanding with the Australian Government Analytical Laboratories 74
Office Services 76

Chapter Six
Financial Statements F1-F12

TABLES
Table 1 Agency papers and presentations 1992-93 80
Table 2 Drug testing statistics 1992-93 85
Table 3 Drug testing statistics by State and sex 1992-93 86
Table 4 Summary of defaults 87
Table 5 Summary of defaults by sport 89
Table 6 Summary of substances found in positive drug tests 90
Table 7 International sporting events held in Australia and tested by ASDA 91
Table 8 Agency staffing levels 92
Table 9 Five-year targets for user-pay drug testing services 93

Appendices
Appendix 1: Guidelines for the content, preparation and presentation of annual reports by statutory authorities 94
Appendix 2: Establishment chart of the Australian Sports Drug Agency 97
Appendix 3: Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom concerning the reciprocal development and enforcement of measures against anti-doping (1990) 98
Appendix 4: Self-assessment guidelines for a national anti-doping program 102
Appendix 5: International Olympic Charter Against Doping in Sport —
model for a national anti-doping program 104
Appendix 6: Arrangement between the Government of Australia and the Government of New Zealand concerning the reciprocal development and enforcement of measures against doping in sport 106
Appendix 7: Types of harm caused by drug use 108
Appendix 8: International Olympic Committee Medical Commission List of doping classes and methods of doping - March 17, 1993, 110
Appendix 9: Summary of IOC doping classes and methods 117
Appendix 10: Clenbuterol 121
Appendix 11: Dope control laboratories accredited by the IOC 122
Appendix 12: Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 127
Appendix 13: Community development of drugs in sport programs - the role of professionals 130

Anabolic steroids--the drugs that give and take away manhood. A case with an unusual physical sign / A. Stanley, M. Ward

• Medicine, Science and the Law 34 (1994) 1 (1 Januay); p. 82-83
• PMID: 8159080
• DOI: 10.1177/002580249403400115

Abstract

A case is presented in which the abuse of anabolic steroids by a body builder led to an unusual physical sign. The case discusses the effects that anabolic steroid abuse can have upon manhood. The frequency of anabolic steroid misuse is increasing. The implications of this with respect to psychiatric illness and violent crime are discussed. It is well known that the use of anabolic steroids among young men, body builders in particular, is growing apace (Perry and Littlepage, 1992), and they may be aware of the risks of impurity and contamination. There is a wide range of anabolic steroids in use; they are often used in doses of greater than 1 mg/kg per day. As well as single use, the misuser may 'stack' (use more than one at a time) or 'pyramid' (use increasing doses of a given drug) the steroids (Kennedy, 1990). The physical and psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids are well known (Kashkin and Kleber, 1989; Brower, 1992; Pope and Katz, 1988). However, we describe a case with psychiatric symptoms, a violent outburst and a unique (?) physical sign.

Anabolic Steriod and Human Growth Hormone Abuse : Creating an Effective and Equitable Ergogenic Drug Policy / George Fan. - University of Chicago Legal Forum (1994) 1, article 19; p. 439-470)

The goal of this Comment is threefold. First, it shows that
HGH and steroids are so similar in terms of their limited clinical uses, the number and demographics of abusers, and the side
effects associated with abuse that any difference in penalties is
unjustified. Second, the Comment compares the side effects and
medical uses of HGH with other drugs in Schedule III of the CSA
and concludes that HGH should be classified as a Schedule III
drug. Finally, this Comment explores alternative avenues of
deterrence, including education and social sanctions.

Psychological characteristics of adolescent steroid users / K.F. Burnett, M.E. Kleiman. - (Adolescence 29 (1994) 113; p. 81-89)

• PMID: 8036984

Abstract

The Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Profile of Mood States were used to assess a broad range of psychological characteristics in 24 adolescent athletes who reported steroid use. In addition, a steroid knowledge questionnaire was administered and an evaluation of physical symptoms of steroid use was conducted. Corresponding data were obtained from 24 adolescent athletes who did not use steroids, and 24 nonathletic adolescents. Although some personality variables differentiated between athletes and nonathletes, no personality variables significantly differentiated between athletes who used steroids and athletes who did not use steroids. Steroid users, however, had significantly higher levels of muscular density and hardness, bloating, gynecomastia, and acne than did athletes who did not use steroids; steroid users who were currently on a steroid use cycle had significantly more depression, anger, vigor, and total mood disturbance than those who were not on a cycle. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to develop our understanding of psychological issues related to adolescent steroid use.

The Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Profile of Mood States were used to assess a broad range of psychological characteristics in 24 adolescent athletes who reported steroid use. In addition, a steroid knowledge questionnaire was administered and an evaluation of physical symptoms of steroid use was conducted.

Corresponding data were obtained from 24 adolescent athletes who did not use steroids, and 24 nonathletic adolescents.
Although some personality variables differentiated between athletes and nonathletes, no personality variables significantly differentiated between athletes who used steroids and athletes who did not use steroids. Steroid users, however, had significantly higher levels of muscular density and hardness, bloating, gynecomastia, and acne than did athletes who did not use steroids; steroid users who were currently on a steroid use cycle had significantly more depression, anger, vigor, and total mood disturbance than those who were not on a cycle.

Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use in men / K.J. Brower, F.C. Blow, E.M Hill. - (Journal of Psychiatric Research 28 (1994) 4 (July-August); p. 369-380)

• PMID: 7877116
• DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(94)90019-1

Abstract

The illicit use of anabolic steroids to enhance athletic performance and physical appearance can cause numerous psychiatric and other adverse effects. In order to prevent steroid use and its negative consequences, knowledge of risk factors is needed. We conducted an anonymous survey of 404 male weight lifters from community gymnasiums who completed a 20-min, self-administered questionnaire. The sample for this study included all 35 men who were thinking about using steroids ("high-risk" nonusers), 50 randomly selected nonusers who were not thinking about using steroids ("low-risk" nonusers) and all 49 steroid users. The three groups differed in age, training characteristics, other performance-enhancers tried, body image, acquaintance with steroid users, and perception of negative consequences. When groups were compared along a continuum from low risk to high risk and from high risk to actual use, we found increasing amounts of competitive bodybuilding, performance-enhancers tried, and steroid-using acquaintances. Groups did not differ in their use of addictive substances. Nearly three-fourths of the high-risk group felt "not big enough," compared to 21% of the low-risk group and 38% of the steroid users (p < .001). These data suggest that steroids do work to increase satisfaction with body size, and that dissatisfaction with body size may contribute to the risk of using steroids.