Peter Greenway, Mary Greenway
BrJ7Sports Med 1997;31:129-131
Langley Corner Surgery, Ifield, Crawley, West Sussex RHIl ONF, United Kingdom

Objectives - To assess general practitioner knowledge of banned substances in sport.

Methods - Postal questionnaire sent to all general practitioners in West Sussex.

Results - Only 55 (35%) of those who responded (157 in total) were aware that guidelines are to be found in the British National Formulary, and 19 (12%) of respondents believed that medical practitioners are allowed to prescribe anabolic steroids for non-medical reasons.

Conclusions - General practitioner knowledge of which substances are prohibited in sports is poor. There is a lack of awareness
of Sports Council guidelines which are to be found in the British National Formulary. Tackling drug abuse in sport requires
education of both athletes and doctors.

1997 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1997

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE MEDICAL CODE

PROHIBITED CLASSES OF SUBSTANCES AND PROHIBITED METHODS

31 January 1997

I. DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Agents
D. Diuretics
E. Peptide and glycoprotein hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids
E. Beta-blockers

LIST OF EXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

Source: Anti-Doping Knowledgde Center

Facts
Eric Lamaze (the athlete) applies for reinstatement concerning his period of ineligibility of 4 years due to his positive doping test showing the use of cocaine.

History
The athlete has a remarkable background story about how he achieved to become part of the Canadian Equestrian Team. Meeting a friend from his earlier neighborhood encouraged him to use cocaine before his matches. He doesn't blame his friend for this or his background with a mother who was an addict.

The following points are taken into consideration:
(a) Age
(b) Remorse
(c) Circumstances Surrounding the Infraction, Including Any Factors That May Have Caused or Contributed to the Applicant's Diminished Capacity
(d) The Applicant's Experience in Sport
(e) The Applicant's Favorable Prospects for Rehabilitation
(f) The Applicant's Prior and Post-Infraction Conduct
(g) The Applicant's Contribution to (the) Sport
(h) Co-Operation with Investigating Bodies
(i) Length of Suspension Served at Time of Hearing
(j) Additional Factors

Submission arbitrator
There can be no doubt that the athlete has satisfied the necessity of establishing highly exceptional circumstances which warrant reinstatement. In these unusual circumstances, the minimum four-year penalty prescribed by the policy is clearly excessive. Moreover, I see no purpose in delaying reinstatement to February 24, as proposed by the CEF and agreed to by the Applicant. The circumstances in this case are so extraordinary that immediate reinstatement cannot be perceived as detracting from the basic objective of the doping control policy.

Decision
The application of Eric Lamaze for reinstatement is granted effective the date of this decision subject to the following conditions:
(a) For a period of three years commencing on June 24, 1997, Eric Lamaze will devote himself publicly as an advocate to promote drug-free sport and drug-free lifestyle;
(b) He will contribute an average of one day per month for this purpose;
(c) Prior to March 24, 1997, and the next two anniversaries of that date, the CEF will provide Eric Lamaze with a program of activities for the year commencing on the next June 24;
(d) Such programs shall be developed by the CEF in consultation with the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES) and Eric Lamaze: Both the CEF and the CCES shall designate a specific individual for this purpose and they shall deal directly with each other and with Eric; The CEF representative will be responsible for documenting all arrangements and activities. Shortly after June 24, each year, the CEF representative will provide the Adjudicator with a copy of the program for the forthcoming year and a report of the activities of the previous year;
(e) The programs shall be flexible in permitting variation by mutual agreement;
(f) I will remain seized of this matter and will be available by telephone conference call to Eric Lamaze and to both representatives in the event of any difficulty in implementing this order.

Tricker R, Connolly D.
J Drug Educ. 1997;27(2):105-19.
Department of Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331-6406, USA.

Theories related to planned behavior and reasoned action have included an individual's attitude as an important factor in the formation of behavioral intentions and behaviors. Research on this topic suggests that salient beliefs affect intentions and subsequent behaviors, either through attitudes or subjective norms, or the degree of (perceived) control that an individual feels he/she has over the behavior. This study was designed to examine the relative
importance of selected attitude variables in describing a profile of athletes who were at risk for using anabolic steroids, human grown hormone, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana.

Responses from 563 student athletes at two Division One NCAA universities were used in the study. The results of this study suggest that subjective norms, based on the influence of drug testing, peer influence, and a fear of detection are significant factors that influence the decisions of student athletes related to using banned substances.

In this article characteristics of at-risk athletes are presented with recommendations for drug education programs for student athletes.

PMID:
9270209
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Gupta L, Towler B.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 1997 Dec;16(4):373-9.
Central Sydney Area Health Service Public Health Unit, PO Box 374, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.

The aim of this study was to assess GPs' attitudes, clinical behaviour, information needs and contact with anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users in an area reported to have a high prevalence of AAS use. It was a cross-sectional study of GPs using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample comprised of 202 GPs practising in the Central Business District and inner city area of Sydney took part. Of 164 eligible GPs, 143 responded (87% responserate).

Fifty-three per cent of respondents reported that they had seen at least one patient in the last year who told them they had used AASs for non-medical purposes; 6% indicated that they had seen more than 20 patients who mentioned AAS use. Two per cent of respondents reported prescribing AASs for body-building purposes and 6% indicated a willingness to do so in a hypothetical situation. Forty per cent of respondents reported that they would be willing to provide harm minimization advice to AAS users; 77% of respondents were interested in obtaining more information about AAS use, most frequently requested in the form of a fact sheet or pamphlet. Most GPs in the area surveyed had some contact with AAS users in their practice. Some GPs had favourable attitudes towards prescription of AASs for non-medical purposes. These attitudes require further exploration.

The results of this survey invite a reappraisal of many policy initiatives involving GPs aimed at reducing AAS-related harm.

PMID:
16203451
[PubMed]

Testing for natural and synthetic anabolic agents in human urine / C. Ayotte, D. Goudreault, A. Charlebois. – (Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Applications (1996) 687 (6 December) : p. 3-25)

• PMID: 9001949

This paper describes a comprehensive method for the detection of natural and synthetic anabolic agents, including some veterinary preparations such as trenbolone, zeranol (a non-steroidal agent) and clenbuterol (a beta 2-agonist). For the natural steroids such as testosterone, the precise determination of urinary androgens during routine procedures allowed the description of statistical distribution of relevant parameters of the endogenous steroid profile amongst male athletes. The validity of the results is discussed, taking into account some factors that may cause the degradation of the specimen.

Content:
1.) Introduction
2.) Experimental
2.1.) Standards
2.2.) Chemicals, solvents, reagents
2.3.) Enzymatic preparations
2.4.) Trimethylsilyl derivatizations
2.5.) Preparation of calibration standards
2.5.1.) Testoserone and epitestosterone
2.5.2.) Androsterone and etiocholanolone
2.6.) Isolation of the free and glucuroconjugated substances
2.7.) Isolation of the sulfoconjugated substances
2.8.) GC and GC-MS
2.9.) Luteinizing hormone (LH) measurements
3.) Results and discussion
3.1.) GC-MS detection and identification of anabolic agents
3.2.) Detection of testosterone administration and determination of the steroid profile
3.3.) Degradation of urinary samples
4.) Conclusion

Doping anno 1996 / F. Hartgens . – (Geneemiddelenbulletin 30 (1996) 11 (November) : p. 125-132)

The article is intended for (general) physicians and pharmacists. It discusses the historical backgrounds of doping, the definition of doping, and the Prohibited List of the IOC. The substances and methods on this list are discussed for their characteristics and side-effects.

Contents (in Dutch):

Inleiding
Historische achtergronden
Definities van doping
De lijst van dopinggeduide middelen en methoden ‘de dopinglijst’
I Dopinggroepen
- A Stimulantia
- A.1. Amfetaminen en verwante verbindingen inclusief eetlustremmende middelen
- A.2. Overige psychostimulantia
- A.3. Sympathicomimetica
- B. Narcotische analgetica
- C. Anabole middelen
- C.I. Androgene-anabole steroïden
- C.2 β₂-Sympathicomimetica
- D. Diuretica
- E. Peptide en glycoproteïne hormonen en analoga
- E.1. Chorlongonadotrofien (HCG, humaan choriongonadotrofine)
- E.2. Corticotropine (ACTH)
- E.3 Groeihormoon (HGH, somatropine)
- E.4 Erytropoëtine (EPO)
II Dopingmethoden
- A. Bloeddoping
- B. Farmacologische, chemische en fysische manipulatie
III Groepen van middelen die aan bepaalde restricties zijn gebonden
- A. Alcohol
- B. Marihuana
- C. Locale anaesthetica
- D. Corticosteroïden
- E. β-Blokkers
De Sporter en de arts
Conclusies en samenvatting

Blood doping and erythropoietin. The effects of variation in hemoglobin concentration and other related factors on physical performance / B. Ekblom. - (American journal of sports medicine 24 (1996) 6 Supp (1 November); p. S40-S42)

• PMID: 8947426
• DOI: 10.1177%2F036354659602406S12

AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1995-96 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378

Abbreviations and acronyms viii
Executive summary ix

Chapter 1
introduction 1
Responsible Minister 2
Membership 2
Social justice and equity 4
Internal and external scrutiny 5

Chapter 2
Testing, Research and Policy 7
Objectives and resources 7
Drug testing 7
inter-governmental agreements 13
Register of Notifiable Events 13
Drug testing officials 15
Advice to sporting organisations 16
Legislation 18
Analytical services 20
Special interest groups 21
Special operational issues 23

Chapter 3
Education 27
Objectives and resources 27
National Drugs in Sport Framework 27
Sport-based education programs 28
School-based education programs 34
Information services 37
Public relations 41

Chapter 4
International 45
Objectives and resources 45
International anti-doping agreements 45
International anti-doping policies and programs 49
Provision of information and advice 51

Chapter 5
Corporate 53
Objectives and resources 53
Planning and evaluation 53
Research 54
Financial management 56
Human resource management 57
Social justice 60
Administrative services 62

Chapter 6
Financial statements 65

Appendices
1 Objects, functions and powers of the Australian Sports Drug Agency as specified in the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 82
2 Powers of the Minister under the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 84
3 Presentations by ASDA officials 1995-96 86
4 Doping control laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee 88
5 International Olympic Committee Medical Code 92
6 ASDA testing for period 1 July 1995 to 30 June 1996 98
7 ASDA user-pays testing for period 1 July 1995 to 30 June 1996 100
8 Summary of entries on Register of Notifiable Events 1995-96 101
9 Outcome of 1994-95 entries on Register of Notifiable Events for which sanctions were to be advised 103
10 1995-96 Memorandum of Agreement between the Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory and the Australian Sports Drug Agency 104
11 State Coordinators of the School Development in Health Education Project 109
12 Educational resource material distribution 1995-96 110
13 Sport Drug Education Unit advisory committees 1995-96 111
14 The International Anti-Doping Arrangement 112
15 International drug testing statistics 1994 115
16 International clients 1995-96 117
17 Summary of compliance with reporting guidelines 118
Index 119

Tables
1.1 Primary functions of each program area 1
1.2 ASDA financial and staffing resources summary 5
1.3 ASDA expenditure by program 5
2.1 Summary of entries on Register of Notifiable 14
Events by doping class and sport 1995-96
2.2 Summary of entries on the Register of Notifiable 15
Events 1991-92 to 1995-96
3.1 Drugs in Sport Hotline summary 1995-96 40
5.1 Total-number of employees at 30 June 1996 59
5.2 Summary of training undertaken 60
5.3 Categories of training 60
Figures
1.1 Organisation of ASDA 4
3.1 Drugs in Sport Handbook and Wallet Card distribution 1995-96 37
3.2 Hotline statistics 1995-96 39

A high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids / C.J. Cooper, T.D. Noakes, T. Dunne, M.I. Lambert, K. Rochford. - (British journal of sports medicine 30 (1996) 3 (1 September); p. 246-250)

• PMID: 8889121
• PMCID: PMC1332342
• DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.30.3.246

Abstract

Objective: (1) To assess the personality profiles of the anabolic androgenic steroid users (AAS) and (2) to determine whether valid premorbid personality traits could be obtained from cross sectional assessment using multisource data.

Methods: The first author became a participant-observer in a group of body builders. An experimental group of body builders who had been using AAS for no more than 18 months (n = 12) was identified. A group of control subjects, each of whom claimed that he did not, and never had, used AAS (n = 12) was also recruited during this period. Key informants played a crucial role in recruiting subjects representative of the AAS and body building communities. An interview schedule based on the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM3-R) personality disorder criteria was conducted with each subject. Additional data were obtained from an AAS using informant and significant others including family and friends.

Results: The user group was significantly heavier than the control group and showed abnormal personality traits, in contrast to the control group. Personality traits of AAS users before the onset of AAS use, assessed retrospectively, were not different from personality traits of control subjects. There were significant differences between the before and after personality traits in AAS user group.

Conclusions: The results suggest (1) that AAS use is associated with significant disturbances in personality profile, and (2) that these personality disturbances are possibly the direct result of AAS use.