1991 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1991

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

Goldberg L, Bents R, Bosworth E, Trevisan L, Elliot DL.
Pediatrics. 1991 Mar;87(3):283-6.
Human Performance Laboratory, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland.

The opinions (level of agreement) of high school varsity football players with regard to reported effects of anabolic steroids were assessed before and after two different education interventions. Lectures and handouts of a balanced education program (potential risks and benefits) were compared with a risks-only (negative or "scare tactics") presentation, in a controlled manner. Those receiving the balanced review significantly increased their
agreement with 5 of 10 targeted adverse effects, while no change occurred for any risks among those taught by the negative intervention.

A teaching model that only emphasizes the untoward consequences of anabolic steroids is ineffective, even in the short-term. A balanced education approach can improve understanding of the potential adverse effects of these drugs. Additional strategies may be required to change young athletes' attitudes toward anabolic androgenic steroid use.

Comment in: Boomerang effect of drug education programs. [Pediatrics. 1991]

PMID:
2000267
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Coombs RH, Coombs CJ.
Int J Addict. 1991 Sep;26(9):981-92.
UCLA School of Medicine 90024.

The impact of drug testing on the morale of mandatory participants was assessed through interviews and questionnaire responses of 500 intercollegiate athletes required to participate in a urine testing program. Subjects varied widely in their experiences. Most were not greatly affected, but some were embarrassed, humiliated, upset, and anxious about being inaccurately identified as drug users. Others experienced positive benefits: new information, a novel and interesting conversation piece, and a socially acceptable way to refuse drugs offered in friendship. Some said that testing benefited their athletic performance and school work. A number of recommendations were made to humanize and improve the experience: a better orientation about what to expect, more effective educational sessions, a warmer, more comfortable testing setting, more reasonable drug testing objectives, and more rigorous testing standards.

PMID:
1743826
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Doping Dokumente : Von der Forschung zum Betrug / Birgit Berendonk. - Berlin : Springer Verlag, 1991

• ISBN 3540537422
• ISBN 0387537422

First edition of the book on East German Anti-doping.

Geahnt und befürchtet hatten die Sportbegeisterten und -zuschauer schon seit langem, daß im Leistungssport gedopt wird. Trotz gelegentlicher Selbstbekenntnisse von Sportlern aber wurde dies von offizieller Seite stets bestritten und Vermutungen als bösartig und falsch abgetan. Noch bestand Hoffnung, daß Fairness und natürliche Freude am Wettkampf im Spitzensport ausschlaggebend sei. Erst als sich deutliche Hinweise - u.a. Ben Johnson in Seoul - nicht mehr abstreiten ließen, fanden in den USA, in Canada und Australien offizielle Untersuchungen statt. Bei den dabei unter Eid gemachten Aussagen von Sportlern, Trainern, Sportmedizinern und Funktionären kam das ungeheure Ausmaß des Dopingmißbrauchs langsam ans Tageslicht. Auch in der Bundesrepublik wurde eine Kommission eingesetzt, deren nun vorliegender Bericht zeigt, daß zumindest in der ehemaligen DDR flächendeckend gedopt wurde. Die offizielle Empfehlung lautet allerdings: keinen Schuldigen nennen, schweigen - und schweigend weiterdopen, um auch bei den nächsten internationalen Sportfesten glänzen zu können. Ohne die genauen Fakten und Namen der Verantwortlichen und Mittäter zu nennen, wird es aber keine Reinigung des Sports vom Doping und keine Zukunft für einen menschenwürdigen Leistungssport geben. Noch gelten die Anabolika-unterstützten Rekorde als Vorgaben. Deshalb und besonders auch der zahlreichen Opfer wegen - der ohne ihr Wissen mit Hormonen behandelten oft jugendlichen Sportler auf der einen Seite sowie derjenigen, die vergeblich versucht hatten, auf faire Art sportliche Leistungen zu erbringen - hat sich die Autorin entschlossen, mit diesem Buch die Wahrheit an die Öffentlichkeit zu bringen. Dokumentiert wird auch, welche gesundheitlichen und psychischen Schäden durch Dopingmittel (androgene Hormone) besonders im Frauensport angerichtet werden, und wie Sportmediziner und Wissenschaftler mitgewirkt haben an Menschen-Versuchen und Forschungsvorhaben mit dem Ziel, neue, stärkere Mittel zu entwickeln und Dopingkontrollen effektiver zu umgehen. Brigitte Berendonk war viele Jahre erfolgreich im Spitzensport - u.a. Deutsche Jugendmeisterin in der damaligen DDR, dann in der BRD, später Deutsche Meisterin im Diskuswerfen und Kugelstoßen und zweifache Olympiateilnehmerin. Insgesamt 39 mal startete sie in der deutschen Leichtathletik-Nationalmannschaft der Frauen. Ein Hamburger Nachrichten-Magazin wird zum Erscheinen über Doping Dokumente berichten.

Mass spectrometric characterization of different norandrosterone derivatives by low-cost mass spectrometric detectors using electron ionization and chemical ionization / Douwe de Boer, E.G. de Jong, R.A. Maes. - (Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 4 (1990) 6 (June); p. 181-185)

• PMID: 2134345
• DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290040604

Abstract

The abuse of nortestosterone in sport is an important problem in doping-control analysis. In order to detect the main urinary metabolite of nortestosterone, norandrosterone (NA), sensitive and specific methodology is necessary. In this context the use of a low-cost mass spectrometric detector such as the Finnigan MAT ion-trap detector (ITD) was studied. The electron ionization (EI) and positive-ion chemical ionization (PICI) mass spectra of the methoxime-trimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl-enol trimethylsilyl ether and pentafluoropropionic ester derivatives of NA are described. The limits of detection of these derivatives are compared with those obtained by the Hewlett-Packard mass selective detector (MSD), another low-cost mass spectrometric detector and operating only in the EI mode. For the derivatives of the reference standard of NA the ITD has in the EI mode the same limit of detection, in the range of 0.5 to 1 ng injected on the column, as the MSD. However, under these conditions the ITD provides more spectrometric information, because it gives full scan data. Moreover, with the same or even improved limits of detection the ITD can operate in the PICI mode. On the other hand, for the analysis of NA isolated from urine samples, the performance of the MSD was better than that of the ITD. The ion trapping technique is probably limited when the chemical background is high.

Commission d'enquête sur le recours aux drogues et aux pratiques interdites pour améliorer la performance athlétique : [Dubin Report] / Charles L. Dubin. - Ottawa : La Commission ; Ministère des approvisionnements et services Canada, 1990. – XXXI, 714 p. : ill
ISBN 0660929767
ISBN 9780660929767

Cette commission a été créée à la suite de la disqualification du coureur Ben Johnson, gagnant de l'épreuve des 100 mètres aux Jeux Olympiques de Séoul, en 1988. Cette publication est le résultat d'une enquête approfondie sur l'usage des drogues dans les milieu sportifs canadiens. La Commission a en effet tenue des audiences publiques en 1989 dans le but d'enquèter sur l'usage des drogues par les athlètes, plus particulièrement sur celui des stéroides anabolisants, d'analyser leurs effets sur performances des utilisateurs ainsi que des risques qu'elles représentaient pour leur santé. Les conclusions et recommandations de la commission contribueront largement à réhabiliter l'image du sport au Canada et dans le monde entier.

Commission of inquiry into the use of drugs and banned practices intended to increase athletic performance : [Dubin Report] / Charles L. Dubin. - Ottawa : The Commission ; Canadian Government Publishing Centre, 1990. – XXIX, 638 p. : ill
ISBN 0660136104
ISBN 9780660136103

In Canada, the federal government established the Commission of Inquiry Into the Use of Drugs and Banned Practices Intended to Increase Athletic Performance, headed by Ontario Appeal Court Chief Justice Charles Dubin. The Dubin Inquiry (as it became known), which was televised live, heard hundreds of hours of testimony about the widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs among athletes. The inquiry began in January 1989 and lasted 91 days, with 122 witnesses called, including athletes, coaches, sport administrators, IOC representatives, doctors and government officials.

Recommendations from the Dubin Report include:
(1) increased and improved drug testing at the national and international levels;
(2) third-party testing by the Sports Medicine Council of Canada;
(3) stricter sanctions, including suspension for at least the next world championship, after a violation;
(4) legal sanctions for steroid distribution and use;
(5) clearer demarcation on rights and responsibilities of Sport Canada and the sports governing bodies, with the former responsible for financing carded athletes and national teams, and the latter responsible for the selection and eligibility of such teams;
(6) change in emphasis by the sporting community, the media, and the public at large from winning medals to personal excellence;
(7) establishment of an independent arbitrator to deal with appeals; and
(8) ethics and morality modules in the National Coaching Certification Program.

Content:

PART ONE
Overview of Government and Sport in Canada
1. Government and Sport in Canada

PART TWO
Overview of Doping
2. Doping Definitions and Policies
3. Banned Substances and Practices
4. Doping Control Procedures

PART THREE
The Sports and Events Examined
5. Weightlifting
6. The Canadian Track and Field Association
7. Doping Control Policy and Practice in Track and Field before September 1988
8. The Throwing Events
9. Canada's Olympic Sprint Team, 1988
10. The Disqualification at the Seoul Olympics
11. The Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs
12. The Positive Test
13. "Estragol" [furazabol]
14. Other Track Athletes
15. Athlete Reserve Fund

PART FOUR
Use and Control of Banned Substances
16. Extent of Use of Banned Substances
17. Supply and Distribution of Banned Substances
18. Food and Drugs Act
19. Medical Profession
20. Drug-Testing Issues
21. Doping Control Initiatives before 1988
22. Doping Control Initiatives since 1988

PART FIVE
Rights and Ethical Considerations
23. Athletes and Coaches against Drugs
24. Athletes'Rights
25. Ethics and Morality in Sport

PART SIX
Conclusions and Recommendations
26. Conclusions and Recommendations

Drugs in sport : second report of the senate standing committee on Environment, Recreation and the Arts / Australian parliament, senate. - Canberra : Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1990
557 p.
© Commonwealth of Australia
[John Black et all.]
ISBN 0 644 11757 5
Black report

In its Interim Report the Committee examined the extent of drug use in Australian sport, underlying reasons for that usage, and some issues relating to the supply of drugs. The Committee also examined allegations about drug use at the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). The Report contained a number of major conclusions and twelve recommendations. The extent to which these recommendations and conclusions have led to action by appropriate bodies is examined in Chapter Two of this Second Report.
In pursuing its inquiry for the Second Report the Committee has examined 'professional' sports and power sports, the supply and distribution of drugs, the national and international regulatory background, together with health and general concerns about the impact of drugs upon society. For the preparation of this Report the Committee received 22 further submissions, a number of supplementary submissions (Appendix 1) and a very significant amount of correspondence. Additionally, a further 15 days of public hearings were held in Brisbane, Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne (Appendix 2).
During the inquiry for the Second Report, the Committee has received in evidence information and allegations concerning conflict between individuals and organisations. The matters involved have the potential to affect sporting careers. They also relate to the professional conduct of others involved with sports: doctors, pharmacists and veterinarians.
In dealing with evidence upon such matters the Committee has been particularly mindful of the need to consider and protect the rights of individuals. The Committee has made exhaustive efforts to provide an opportunity for persons upon whom evidence has reflected adversely to make a response under the protection of Parliamentary privilege.

Analysis of anabolic steroids using GC/MS with selected ion monitoring / Bong Chul Chung, Hea-Young P. Choo, Tae Wook Kim, Khee Dong Eom, Oh Seung Kwon, Jawon Suh, Jongsoon Yang, Jongsei Park. - (Journal of Analytical Toxicology 14 (1990) 2 (March-April); p. 91-95)

• PMID: 2325383
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/14.2.91

Abstract

This study describes the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring to screen 18 anabolic steroids banned by the International Olympic Committee. These anabolic steroids are analyzed in two fractions depending on their excretion pattern: nonconjugated (free) or conjugated fraction. The wet procedure of extracting steroids from urine consists of an initial isolation of lipophilic compounds on a column packed with Amberlite XAD-2 resin, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli. After extraction, the hydrolyzed steroids are derivatized to the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers. The derivatized steroids are analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring of their characteristic ions. It takes 12 and 26 min to run GC/MS and edit the raw data for nonconjugated and conjugated fractions respectively.

Homicide and near-homicide by anabolic steroid users / H.G. Pope Jr, D.L. Katz

• Journal of clinical psychiatry 51 (1990) 1 (January); p. 28-31
• PMID: 2295588

Comment in:

The psychology of anabolic steroid use / J.M. McGraw

• Journal of clinical psychiatry 51 (1990) 6 (June); p. 260
• PMID: 2347869

Abstract

The authors describe three men, all with benign premorbid psychiatric histories, no evidence of antisocial personality disorder, and no history of violence, who impulsively committed violent crimes--including murder--while taking anabolic steroids. Structured psychiatric interviews of each man suggested that steroids played a necessary, if not primary, role in the etiology of the violent behavior. Although the men conceivably might have exaggerated their reports of the effects of steroids in the hopes of improving their legal positions, information from external sources consistently corroborated their accounts in each case. These observations raise the possibility that steroid-induced violence may pose a little-recognized public health problem.