1990 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1990

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

Goldberg L, Bosworth EE, Bents RT, Trevisan L.
J Adolesc Health Care. 1990 May;11(3):210-4.
Human Performance Laboratory, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.

Six varsity high school football teams were assessed by confidential questionnaire regarding anabolic steroids, before and 2 weeks after an education intervention. The education program used the American College of Sports Medicine's position on the "use of anabolic androgenic steroids in sports." Two teams received a lecture and a four-page handout, two teams were given the handout only, and two teams were controls.

Self-report of current use was 1.1% but 38.8% claimed availability of these agents. Although increased awareness of the adverse effects of anabolic steroid was found after the education program, no differences in attitudes toward the use of anabolic steroids occurred as compared to controls.

Strategies designed to dissuade adolescent athletes from considering these drugs need to be developed.

PMID:
2358388
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Terney R, McLain LG.
Am J Dis Child. 1990 Jan;144(1):99-103.
Department of Sociology, Loyola University, Chicago, Ill.

The use of anabolic steroids by athletes has been a frequent topic in many recent reports. While much has been written in the lay literature, there is little in the scientific literature documenting the actual use of steroids, particularly in adolescents.

We describe the results of a survey of 2113 high school students. The survey was designed to elicit information about students' general knowledge about anabolic steroids, awareness of the risks and side effects, and the incidence of use of anabolic steroids.

Ninety-four (4.4%) of 2113 students admitted using anabolic steroids. Broken down by sex, 67 (6.5%) of 1028 males and 27 (2.5%) of 1085 females were users of steroids. Athletes had a higher use of steroids (79 [5.5%] of 1436 subjects) than nonathletes (15 [2.4%] of 636 subjects).

These data suggest that we have another serious, as yet unappreciated drug problem in our adolescents.

Comment in: The use of anabolic steroids. [Am J Dis Child. 1990]

PMID:
2294728
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Scarpino V, Arrigo A, Benzi G, Garattini S, La Vecchia C, Bernardi LR, Silvestrini G, Tuccimei G.
Lancet. 1990 Oct 27;336(8722):1048-50.
Institute DOXA, Gallup International Research Institutes, Milan, Italy.

To evaluate knowledge of, attitudes to, and use of illegal drugs and other forms of "doping" in sport 1015 Italian athletes and 216 coaches, doctors, and managers (technicians) were interviewed after selection on a quota basis.

Overall, 30% of athletes, managers, and coaches and 21% of doctors indicated that athletic performance can be enhanced by drugs or other doping practices. Over 10% of athletes indicated a frequent use of amphetamines or anabolic steroids at national or international level, fewer athletes mentioning blood doping (7%) and beta-blockers (2%) or other classes of drugs. These proportions were 2-3 times higher for occasional use than for frequent use. Estimates by managers and coaches were much the same as those of athletes when allowance was made for larger random variation. 62% of athletes who acknowledged doping reported pressure to do so from coaches and managers. According to over 70% of athletes access to illegal substances was not difficult. Both athletes and technicians awarded higher scores to risk than to efficacy for any substance, although 42-67% of athletes and technicians regarded amphetamines and anabolic steroids as efficacious. 82% wanted stricter controls not only during competitions but also during training.

PMID:
1977030
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Drug testing effectiveness in identifying and preventing drug use / R.H. Coombs, F.J. Rya. - (American Journal of Drug and Alcohol 16 (1990) 3-4; p. 173-84)

• PMID: 2288319
• DOI: 10.3109/00952999009001582

Abstract

The effectiveness of drug testing in identifying and preventing drug use was assessed by a study of intercollegiate athletes required to participate in a urine testing program. Five hundred athletes who underwent testing were contrasted with a comparison group of 124 athletes not tested. Results show that some drug-using athletes avoided detection. Although many reduced their drug usage, some continued in the same pattern as before; a few actually increased drug usage.

Explanatory Report to the Anti-Doping Convention / Council of Europe (CoE). - Strasbourg : CoE, 1989

• European Treaty Series; ETS No. 135

Contents:

• Introduction
• Background
• The Convention
• a. Reasons for preparing a convention
• b. Main featres of the Convention
• c. Text of the Convention
• Articles 1-19
• Notes on the Appendix to the Convention (as approved on 19 September 1989)
• Explanations

Anti-Doping Convention / Council of Europe (CoE). - Strasbourg : CoE, 1989

• European Treaty Series; ETS No. 135
  
  

The Convention was open for signature on 16th November 1989 and entered into force on 1 March 1990. To this day it has been ratified by 52 states and is open to non-Member States of the Council of Europe. It has been adopted by Australia, Belarus, Canada, and Tunisia. The Convention does not claim to create a uniform model of anti-doping, but sets a certain number of common standards and regulations requiring Parties to adopt legislative, financial, technical, educational and other measures.

The main objective of the Convention is to promote the national and international harmonisation of the measures to be taken against doping. In their constitutional provisions, each contracting party undertakes to:
- create a national co-coordinating body;
- reduce the trafficking of doping substances and the use of banned doping agents;
- reinforce doping controls and improve detection techniques;
- support education and awareness-raising programmes;
- guarantee the efficiency of sanctions taken against offenders;
- collaborate with sports organisations at all levels, including at international level; and
- to use accredited anti-doping laboratories

Furthermore the Convention describes the mission of the Monitoring Group set up in order to monitor its implementation and periodically re-examine the List of prohibited substances and methods which can be found in annex to the main text.

An Additional Protocol to the Convention entered into force on 1st April 2004 with the aim of ensuring the mutual recognition of anti-doping controls and of reinforcing the implementation of the Convention using a binding control system.

Resolution on Doping in Sport and the Draft Anti-Doping Convention / European Ministers of Sport. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1989

• Council of Europe Resolution (89) 1; Reykjavik, 30 May - 1 June 1989

Prolonged occurrence of cocaine in human saliva and urine after chronic use / Edward J. Cone, William W. Weddington, Jr.

• Journal of Analytical Toxicology 13 (1989) 2 (March-April), p. 65-68
• PMID: 2733393
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/13.2.65

Abstract

Cocaine was detected by immunoassay in saliva and urine of chronic cocaine addicts for 5-10 days during abstinence. Confirmation by a less sensitive but highly specific GC/MS assay of unmetabolized cocaine was successful in saliva through the first 24 h of collection and for the initial 4-5 days in urine. Cocaine saliva concentrations and subject scores for cocaine craving and depression declined during this time and correlated significantly. The presence of unmetabolized cocaine in these biofluids long after the last drug administration suggests that multiple dosing and high exposure to cocaine in man leads to accumulation in deep body compartments and subsequent slow release back into circulation and eventual excretion. The prolonged presence of cocaine in saliva and urine may have implications in testing for cocaine use and in treatment of cocaine withdrawal.

Anabolic steroids and the athlete : a case study / Edward Oklobdzija, David Weyrauch. - (Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 33 (1989) 1 (March); p. 27-33)
- PMCID: PMC2484526

Abstract

This paper examines the pharmacokinetic activities of anabolic steroids and their potential deleterious effects. A review of literature reveals the most significant pathological sequelae resulting from anabolic use to be peliosis hepatis and liver cell carcinoma. These ill effects have been more closely associated with those steroids whose chemical structures are specifically alkylated at the 17th carbon in the Alpha position as opposed to their Beta esterified counterparts. Testing of these drugs was attempted by way of a single case study. A 23 yr old male bodybuilder was subject to both oral and parenteral forms of steroid over a six week period of his training program. Serum, urinalysis and subjective parameters were monitored before during and after steroid administration. The results show elevated levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, CPK, AST, ALT and LDH. In this case study, the elevated parameters appear to be more a function of muscle breakdown induced by a combination of severe exercise and intramuscular injection than a measure of organ (liver) pathology.