In November 2017 the National Doping Control Commission of Chile (CNCD) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the canoeist Jeannaret Jazmin Valenzuela Soto after her sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Meldonium.

After notification a provisional suspension was ordered. The Athlete filed a statement in her defence and she did not attend the hearing of the Disciplinary Panel of the Tribunal de Expertos en Dopaje (TED).

The Athlete requested to set aside the test results and contested the charges. The Athlete asserted that several irregularities occurred during the sample collection procedure as ground for invalidate the test results. She argued that she underwent not an official doping control as she was told that the sample collection was intended for sample analysis for the requirement for the accreditation process of the Doping Laboratory of the University of Chile. As a result when notified of the violation she became aware that she indeed underwent an official doping test. Finally she complained that the confidentiality was breached due to the CNCD had already issued a press release to the media about the alleged violation.

The Panel finds that the Athlete failed to provide evidence in support of her assertions, nor did she explain how the substance entered her system. The Panel holds that the violation was not intentional as the CNCD did not provide evidence to the contrary.

Therefore on 6 March 2018 the TED Disciplinary Panel rejectes the Athletes arguments and assertions and decides to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete.

Anti-Doping Statistics of Turkisch Anti-Doping Commission for 2019 / Turkish Anti-Doping Commission (TADC). - Ankara : Türkiye Dopingle Mücadele Komisyonu (TDMK), 2020

Annual Report 2022 / Swiss Sport Integrity. - Bern : Swiss Sport Integrity, 2023

Annual Report 2021 / Swiss Sport Integrity; Anti-Doping Switzerland. - Bern : Swiss Sport Integrity, 2022

Strong stuff : the size and seriousness of the doping trade in the Netherlands / Ilse van Leiden, Marjan Olfers, Anton van Wijk, Rebecca Rijnink, Joey Wolsink, Juno van Esseveldt. - 2020

Sterk spul : aard, omvang en ernst van de dopinghandel in Nederland / Ilse van Leiden, Marjan Olfers, Anton van Wijk, Rebecca Rijnink, Joey Wolsink, Juno van Esseveldt. - Bureau Beke; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; i.o.v. Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport. - Arnhem : Bureau Beke, 2020. - (Beke reeks)

• ISBN 9789492255402
  
  

Abstract

The use of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) for cosmetic reasons and in amateur sport has become accepted, a 224 page Report examining the size and seriousness of the doping trade in The Netherlands has highlighted. The Report found that this is in contrast to elite sport, where use of doping substances remains taboo.

The Report concludes that around 2% of the Dutch population uses or has used doping substances, and is fastest increasing amongst noncompetitive athletes who use doping substances to enhance their appearance. In addition, it found that doping is becoming accepted in recreational sport.

The Report found that elite athletes generally come into contact with doping substances through their entourage, which means that they are likely to receive guidance on usage. In contrast, cosmetic and recreational sport users do not receive guidance and gather most of their information from the internet, which puts their health at greater risk.

In elite sport, the Report found that the most common doping agents are anabolic steroids, stimulants, and hormonal and metabolic modulators. It found that there has been a decrease in the number of athletes who are prescribed substances without medical need in an attempt to boost performance since 2015. Micro doping (i.e. using substances in small amounts to avoid detection) is on the increase, as well as utilisation of experimental food (such as ketones).

More shipments of doping substances from outside the EU are being intercepted. From 2016 to 2018, customs seizures tripled with officers intercepting over 8,000 shipments involving medication, including 1,000 that contained doping substances. The most common substances intercepted were stimulants, glucocorticoids, and anabolic agents. Seizures of diuretics, masking agents, beta blockers, and hormonal and metabolic modulators are also increasing.

The Report points out that pharmaceutical companies in Eastern Europe are well known supply chains for the Dutch market. Also, it is impossible to know what substances are being imported into the country from other European Union countries, due to free trade rules. However, it did find that due to stricter regulation on doping substances in recent years, there has been a boost in Underground Laboratories (UGLs) in The Netherlands.

As well as the usual worries about the quality of substances produced in such labs being dangerous to health, the Report found that the increase in UGLs that compete with each other has led to a ‘hardening’ of the market. ‘In the Netherlands, a violent incident is already known where those involved in an UGL were extorted by new players on the market’, it reads.

Doping is not as lucrative as drug trafficking, but the Report did find that criminals are increasingly becoming involved in the doping market. This is because due to the increase in UGLs, the supply of doping substances is no longer dependant on foreign pharmacies. Products can now be produced for export where they can be sold in person or via the internet or dark web.

Doping in sport is not a criminal offence in The Netherlands. However, the Report concludes that the increased intertwining of doping with drug trafficking and the doping trade due to UGLs enabling an international market fo doping products represents a ‘serious problem’.

Source: www.sportsintegrityinitiative.com

Samenvatting:

In de media duiken met enige regelmaat berichten op over het gebruik van doping in de sport. Niet alleen in de topsport, ook daarbuiten worden middelen gebruikt om de (sport)prestaties te vergroten. Maar wat gaat er achter het dopinggebruik en de -handel schuil?

In opdracht van het ministerie van VWS onderzochten wij samen met de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam de aard, omvang en ernst van dopinghandel in Nederland. In ‘Sterk spul’ komen profielen van gebruikers van dopingmiddelen aan bod en welke risico’s er met het gebruik gepaard gaan. Daarnaast wordt ingegaan op de vraag hoe de handel in dopingmiddelen in elkaar steekt, hoe grootschalig deze handel is en in hoeverre er in Nederland ook dopingmiddelen worden geproduceerd. Een relevante vraag hierbij is wie er bij het produceren, verstrekken en verhandelen van dopingmiddelen betrokken zijn.

Striking the right balance : effectiveness of Anti-Doping Policies / Olivier de Hon. - Olivier de Hon; Anti-Doping Authority Netherlands; Utrecht University, 2016. - 347 p. ; fig., tab., lit.

• ISBN/EAN: 9789039366639
• Doctoral thesis for the Utrecht University, 18 November 2016.
• This thesis was made possible with financial support by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport (Ministerie VWS) and the Anti-Doping Authority Netherlands (Dopingautoriteit).
• With summary in Dutch: p. 15-22.

Zoeken naar het juiste evenwicht : effectiviteit van het anti-dopingbeleid / Olivier de Hon. - Olivier de Hon; Dopingautoriteit; Universiteit van Utrecht, 2016. - 347 p. ; fig., tab., lit.

• ISBN/EAN: 9789039366639.
• Proefschrift Universiteit van Utrecht ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor, 18 november 2016.
• Proefschrift mogelijk gemaakt met financiële steun van het ministerie VWS en de Dopingautoriteit.

Contents:

SUMMARY
NEDERLANDSTALIGE SAMENVATTING (SUMMARY IN DUTCH)
1. INTRODUCTION & METHODS
1.1 A short history of anti-doping
1.2 Research questions
1.3 The current anti-doping framework
1.4 Backgrounds of the current study
1.5 Epistemological position
1.6 Methodology
2. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
2.1 Conceptualising effectiveness
2.2 Effectiveness and anti-doping policy
2.3 The extent of doping use
Article II True dopers or negligent athletes - An analysis of Anti-Doping Rule Violations reported
to the World Anti-Doping Agency 2010-2012
2.4 The effectiveness of doping substances and methods
3. PROPOSED WAYS TO BRING THE DISCUSSION FORWARD
3.1 Factors of a successful anti-doping policy
3.2 Towards improving anti-doping policies
3.3 Measuring effectiveness of anti-doping policies
3.4 Revised instrumentalisation of the concept of doping
Article X The redundancy of the concept of ‘Spirit of Sport’ in discussions on the prohibited list of doping substances
4. OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
4.1 Effectiveness in anti-doping.
4.2 The intricacies of doping use
4.3 Building anti-doping regulations
4.4 Directions towards a more effective anti-doping policy
4.5 Concluding remarks
5. EPILOGUE
6. APPENDICES

Story behind Meldonium - from pharmacology to performance enhancement: a narrative review / Wolfgang Schobersberger, Tobias Dünnwald, Günther Gmeiner, Cornelia Blank. - (British Journal of Sports Medicine 51 (2016) 1 (July 27) : p. 22-25). - PubMed: 27465696. - DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096357

Abstract:

Recent reports from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) indicate an alarming prevalence in the use of meldonium among elite athletes. Therefore, in January 2016, meldonium was added to WADA's prohibited list after being monitored since 2015. Meldonium has been shown to have beneficial effects in cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic diseases due to its anti-ischaemic and cardioprotective properties, which are ascribed mainly to its inhibition of ß-oxidation and its activation of glycolysis. Despite its widespread use, there are only a few clinical studies or clinical trials available. Meldonium is registered in most Baltic countries and is easily accessible through the internet with no serious adverse effects reported by the manufacturer so far. Among athletes, meldonium is used with the purpose of increasing recovery rate or exercise performance. The benefit of taking meldonium in view of performance enhancement in athletes is quite speculative and is discussed without sound scientific evidence. This narrative review provides a detailed overview of the drug meldonium, focusing on the main topics pharmacology and biochemical actions, clinical applications, pharmacokinetics, methods of detection and potential for performance enhancement in athletes.

Annual Report 2020 / Sport Ireland Anti-Doping. - Dublin : Sport Ireland, 2018