Doping in sport : Lance Armstrong, a case study / Iain Adams, Josh Carine, David Emmerson. - (Chapter 22, pp. 169-190)
Published in:
The sports monograph: critical perspectives on socio-cultural sport, coaching and Physical Education. SSTO Publications, Preston, 2014. - 392 p.
978-0-9566270-6-3
Contents:
Introduction
Values and ethics of sport and doping
Lance Armstrong - the doping saga
The evidence
Beyond the bike
Conclusion
Cardiovascular Toxicities of Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports / Ritesh Dhar, C. William Stout, Mark S. Link, Munther K. Homoud, Jonathan Weinstock, N.A. Mark Estes 3rd. - (Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80 (2005) 10 (1 October); p. 1307-1315.
Abstract
Athletes commonly use drugs and dietary supplements to improve athletic performance or to assist with weight loss. Some of these substances are obtainable by prescription or by illegal means; others are marketed as supplements, vitamins, or minerals. Nutritional supplements are protected from Food and Drug Administration regulation by the 1994 US Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, and manufacturers are not required to demonstrate proof of efficacy or safety. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration lacks a regulatory body to evaluate such products for purity. Existing scientific data, which consist of case reports and clinical observations, describe serious cardiovascular adverse effects from use of performance-enhancing substances, including sudden death. Although mounting evidence led to the recent ban of ephedra (ma huang), other performance-enhancing substances continue to be used frequently at all levels, from elementary school children to professional athletes. Thus, although the potential for cardiovascular injury is great, few appropriately designed studies have been conducted to assess the benefits and risks of using performance-enhancing substances. We performed an exhaustive OVID MEDLINE search to Identify all existing scientific data, review articles, case reports, and clinical observations that address this subject. In this review, we examine the current evidence regarding cardiovascular risk for persons using anabolic-androgenic steroids including 2 synthetic substances, tetrahydrogestrinone and androstenedione (andro), stimulants such as ephedra, and nonsteroidal agents such as recombinant human erythropoietin, human growth hormone, creatine, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.
Does the Existence of Steroid Addiction Alter the View That Steroid Use in Sport is Cheating? / Ken Kirkwood. - (Quest 66 (2014) 4 (14 October); p. 485-494)
Abstract:
It is widely accepted that doping in sports is, by definition, cheating. If we allow that cheating is advantage-seeking behavior utilized by one party in an agreement-defined activity that disallows that behavior, then taking drugs when others do not is cheating. The focus of this definition is on the intentions and purpose of the actor, which is primarily about advantage seeking. This article will argue that the effect of anabolic steroid addiction on the volition of the actor caeteris paribus invalidates the adequacy of cheating to describe this behavior.
Potential benefits of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to athletes / Michael R. Graham, Julien S. Baker, Peter Evans, David Hullin, Non-Eleri Thomas, Bruce Davies. - (Growth Hormone & IGF Research 19 (2009) 4 (August); p. 300-307)
Abstract
Athletes have enjoyed almost a thirty year amnesty of rhGH abuse, which they consider has contributed to the winning of medals and the breaking of world records. Such a reprieve is almost at an end, since WADA have identified a method to detect rhGH abuse. Or have they? The anecdotal word "on the street" is that rhGH is still undetectable and athletes believe that the benefits, at the dosages they administer, far outweigh the risks! Scientists are aware that in a hormone deficiency condition, replacement can halt and in certain situations reverse some of the adverse effects. Growth hormone deficiency can lead to a loss of skeletal muscle mass and an increase in abdomino-visceral obesity, which is reversed on replacement with rhGH. Since the availability of GH, athletes have been trying to extrapolate these effects from the deficiency state to the healthy corpus and increase their sporting prowess. Past confessions from athletes, such as Ben Johnson, Kelly White, Tim Montgomery, Marion Jones and currently Dwain Chambers have demonstrated that they are prepared to tread the very fine lines that separate the "men from the boys". Rewards are so great, that anonymous surveys have identified that athletes will risk ill health, if they believe they can cheat, win and not get caught. The question that still needs to be answered is, "does growth hormone enhance performance"? Recent research suggests that it could. There is also a suspicion that in "cycled" low supraphysiological doses, it is no where near as harmful as WADA claim it to be.
Beyond elite sports : Analysis of the coverage of anabolic steroids in the Spanish press (2007–2011) / Víctor Agulló Calatayud, Rafael Castelló i Cogollos, Juan Carlos Valderrama
Zurián. - (Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies 6 (2014) 2 (1 October); p. 197-220)
Abstract
This article explores how the issue of anabolic steroids has been covered by the Spanish press in a period when doping/drug abuse in sport has attracted considerable attention in the media. We analysed news and opinion pieces about this topic in the Spanish written press over a period of five years (2007–2011) on the basis of the agendasetting theory. A total of 581 items linked to the consumption of steroids were identified, mainly in the sports sections of a statewide newspaper and in the society and crime sections of Valencian and Catalan regional newspapers. In the vast majority of cases, the source and producer of the news is the police or the judicial system and the primary focus is on penal aspects, while a health and social integration perspective is neglected. Press releases from the police reveal the spread of the doping phenomenon, among both professional and amateur athletes, and also among security and emergency bodies.
Anabolic Steroids / Matthew Rhea, Pedro J. Marin Cabezuelo, Mark Peterson, Jeffrey L. Alexander, Ben Potenziano, Derek J. Bunker, Eric L. Sauers, Randy D. Danielsen. - (Clinician Reviews 18 (2008) 11 (November); p. 26-31)
Abstract
Illicit use of anabolic steroids, a significant issue in the United States, is by no means restricted to elite athletes or adolescent sport participants. While steroids can stimulate and enhance muscle tissue development, long-term or excessive use can increase the risk of heart attack, cancer, and/or psychologic impairments. This review examines the prevalence of steroid use, associated benefits and risks, and the importance of accelerating effective education and prevention efforts.
Pursuit of the muscular ideal : Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors / Guy Cafria, J. Kevin Thompson, Lina Ricciardelli, Marita McCabe, Linda Smolak, Charles Yesalis. - (Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 2 (February); p. 215-239)
- PMID: 15642647.
- DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003
Abstract
Developing a lean muscular figure for the purposes of sports and/or appearance has become a central issue for males. Concern has been raised because the desire to develop such a body build may lead to the adoption of numerous health-threatening behaviors. Consequently, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the physical and psychological consequences that result from the use of steroids (legal and illegal), ephedrine, and deleterious dieting strategies specific to males. Putative risk factors for these behaviors will be identified, and the clinical disorder associated with the extreme abuse of these behaviors, muscle dysmorphia, will be examined.
History of Doping in Sport / Charles E. Yesalis, Michael S. Bahrke. - (International Sports Studies 24 (2002) 1; p. 42-76)
Abstract
Athletes have used a myriad of performance-enhancing substances since ancient times and this practice continues today. This review discusses the early history of doping in sport, the use of stimulants and anabolics during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the current use of performance-enhancing drugs by Olympic, professional, university and adolescent male and female athletes, as well as the response of organised sport to this problem.
