Macho Man : Narcissism, Homophobia, Agency, Communion, and Authoritarianism - A Comparative Study Among Israeli Bodybuilders and a Control Group / Gidi Rubinstein. - (Psychology of Men & Masculinity 4 (2003) 2 (July); p. 100-110)

• DOI: 10.1037/1524-9220.4.2.100

Abstact

The present study quantitatively examined the ethnographic social–psychological profile suggested by A. M. Klein (1993) for American bodybuilders using Israeli bodybuilders. Eighty male gym trainees and 80 men who have never trained completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Bem’s Sex Role Inventory, the Attitudes Toward Homosexuality (AHS) and the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scales, and a demographic questionnaire. The bodybuilders showed the highest levels of narcissism and traits socially desirable for men and exhibited the highest scores on both agenetic and communal traits. Their AHS and RWA scores did not significantly differ from the other 2 groups, but their political affiliation was significantly more right wing. Cultural and methodological differences between Klein’s study and the present study as well as personality factors involved in bodybuilding are discussed.

Making a difference? Applying Vitellone’s social science of the syringe to performance and image enhancing drug injecting / Aaron Hart

• International Journal of Drug Policy 61 (November 2018), p. 69-73
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.03.029

Abstract

Vitellone’s Social Science of the Syringe investigates epistemologies of injecting drug use. She argues for a methodology that can be simultaneously sensitive to biopolitical power regimes; the trajectories of social stratification; and the resistance, creativity and dignity of human agency. She proposes a methodological focus on the syringe-in-use as an active participant in these dynamics. Harm reduction policy and service provision frameworks have paid little attention to the phenomena of performance and image enhancing drug (PIEDs) injection. One way of assessing the merit of Vitellone’s proposal is to use it to investigate these phenomena. I argue that Vitellone’s method can be used to articulate a range of significant differences between people who inject PIEDs and other people who inject drugs, and that these differences can inform harm reduction initiatives. When compared to the heroin syringe, the PIED syringe participates in different socio-economic and material contexts, gendered identities, and biopolitical governance regimes. These differences materialise in different rates of syringe sharing and blood-borne virus transmission; and different experiences of needle exchange services. I offer a thought experiment demonstrating how a different syringe might alter the structural dynamics, biopolitical governance, and the agentic choices of people who inject PIEDs. Judging by the productive effects of diffracting Vitellone’s analysis through an empirical concern with PIED injecting, I concur with Vitellone’s proposition that ‘something objective may be gained from an empirical investigation of the syringe-in-use’ (p. 33).

Maltese Doping Cases / Claude Ramoni. – (International Sports Law Journal (2010) 3-4 : p. 178-181)

Content:
- Background facts
- Admissibility of the appeal
- Applicable Rules on the merit – FIFA or MFA regulations?
• Was the FIFA Disciplinary Code directly applicable?
• Did article 60 par. 2 of the FIFA Statutes compel the panel to apply FIFA regulations?
• Was the FIFA Disciplinary Code applicable by reference?
• Comment
- Sanctions
- Conclusion

At the end of 2007 and the beginning of 2008, three Maltese football players, Mattocks, Martin and Grech tested positive for prohibited substances and were suspended for 4 months (Mattocks), 9 months (Martin) and 12 months (Grech) by the Malta Football Association (MFA).
Both WADA and FIFA appealed all three decisions rendered by MFA. It seemed quite obvious to FIFA and WADA that the sanctions imposed by the MFA were not in line with the provisions of the then applicable FIFA Disciplinary Code (the 2007 FDC) or of the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC). FIFA and WADA therefore were of the opinion that all three sanctions imposed by MFA were too lenient.

The effect of the appeals lodged by FIFA and WADA in the cases of the Maltese players was to allow the CAS to review decisions rendered in application of national Maltese rules, which do not provide for a right of appeal by FIFA or WADA... The panel partially upheld two out of the three appeals, imposing however, sanctions which are not in line with the FDC or the WADC. This (practical) result does not seem in line with the purpose of the appeal by FIFA and WADA in doping matters as provided for under the FIFA Statutes.

Management of Anabolic Steroid-Induced Infertility: Novel Strategies for Fertility Maintenance and Recovery / Alexander J. Tatem, Jonathan Beilan, Jason R. Kovac, Larry I. Lipshultz. - (World Journal of Men's Health 38 (2020) 2 (April); p. 141-150)

• DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190002
• PMCID: PMC7076311
• PMID: 30929329

Abstract

There is often inherent conflict in the overlapping fields of male fertility and andrology. While the goal of all male fertility specialists is to facilitate and preserve biologic paternity, many practitioners also care for a significant number of patients suffering from hypogonadism. Exogenous testosterone administration, the gold standard for the management of these patients, almost universally impairs spermatogenesis and can even completely eradicate it in some men. With steady increases in both the incidence of hypogonadism and average paternal age, practitioners are now encountering hypogonadal men who desire future fertility or men suffering the effects of earlier androgenic anabolic steroid use with increasing frequency. In this manuscript, we review management strategies for these complex patients and explore novel medications that may be of use in this population.

Manifesto: “Stop the doping inquisition”! / Paul Ruijsenaars, … [et al.]. – (International Sports Law Journal (2007) 3-4 : p. 84-85)

Content:
- Chain gangs
- Medival Practices
- Perspective
- Monitoring task

Because the treatment of athletes by doping hunters bears a strong resemblance to the inquisition which victimised so many people eight hundred years ago. Replace the term ‘doping’ by ‘heresy’, inspectors by inquisitors and church authorities by IOC, doping authorities, sports associations (ASO) and organisations like ASO, and you have your comparison.

Campos DR, Yonamine M, de Moraes Moreau RL. Marijuana as doping in sports. Sports Med. 2003;33(6):395-9.

Maskeert furosemide dopinggebruik? / David J. Brinkman, Jelle Tichelaar, Michiel A. van Agtmael. - (Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (2021) 25 mei)

Samenvatting:

Onlangs werd de keeper van AFC Ajax, André Onana, voor één jaar geschorst vanwege het gebruik van furosemide. Sporters kunnen dit medicijn gebruiken om prestatiebevorderende middelen te maskeren en om gewicht te verliezen. Hoe werkt furosemide, en is het een effectief dopingmiddel?

Furosemide staat op de dopinglijst van de Wereldantidopingagentschap (WADA), omdat het middel door sporters gebruikt kan worden om prestatiebevorderende middelen in de urine te verbloemen en om gewicht te verliezen. Hoe werkt deze plaspil, en is het een effectief dopingmiddel? Op basis van de farmacologische eigenschappen van furosemide, de beschikbare literatuur en de uiterst gevoelige detectiemethoden concluderen wij dat het maskerende effect van furosemide beperkt is. Furosemide is wel relevant voor sporten met gewichtsklassen, zoals boksen en judo.

Mass spectrometric characterization of different norandrosterone derivatives by low-cost mass spectrometric detectors using electron ionization and chemical ionization / Douwe de Boer, E.G. de Jong, R.A. Maes. - (Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 4 (1990) 6 (June); p. 181-185)

• PMID: 2134345
• DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290040604

Abstract

The abuse of nortestosterone in sport is an important problem in doping-control analysis. In order to detect the main urinary metabolite of nortestosterone, norandrosterone (NA), sensitive and specific methodology is necessary. In this context the use of a low-cost mass spectrometric detector such as the Finnigan MAT ion-trap detector (ITD) was studied. The electron ionization (EI) and positive-ion chemical ionization (PICI) mass spectra of the methoxime-trimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl-enol trimethylsilyl ether and pentafluoropropionic ester derivatives of NA are described. The limits of detection of these derivatives are compared with those obtained by the Hewlett-Packard mass selective detector (MSD), another low-cost mass spectrometric detector and operating only in the EI mode. For the derivatives of the reference standard of NA the ITD has in the EI mode the same limit of detection, in the range of 0.5 to 1 ng injected on the column, as the MSD. However, under these conditions the ITD provides more spectrometric information, because it gives full scan data. Moreover, with the same or even improved limits of detection the ITD can operate in the PICI mode. On the other hand, for the analysis of NA isolated from urine samples, the performance of the MSD was better than that of the ITD. The ion trapping technique is probably limited when the chemical background is high.

Mass spectrometric characterization of urinary hydrafinil metabolites for routine doping control purposes / Andre Knoop, Gregor Fußhöller, Nadine Haenelt, Christian Goergens, Sven Guddat, Hans Geyer, Mario Thevis. - (Drug Testing and Analysis (2021) 10 August; 3137)

• PMID: 34378339
• DOI: 10.1002/dta.3137

Abstract

Little information on the human metabolism and urinary elimination of hydrafinil (9-fluorenol) exists. In order to support preventive anti-doping activities concerning compounds such as hydrafinil, a pilot elimination study was conducted with three healthy male volunteers receiving a single oral dose of 50 mg of hydrafinil. Urine samples were collected prior to and up to 72-h post-administration and were subjected to both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, which allowed for the identification of the intact drug as well as Phase I and Phase II metabolites, primarily hydroxylated and/or glucuronidated or sulfo-conjugated hydrafinil. The identity of these metabolites was corroborated by high-resolution/high-accuracy tandem mass spectrometry, and the applicability of routine doping control workflows for the detection of hydrafinil and its main metabolites was assessed. Therefore, two findings of hydrafinil and its metabolites were recorded, which concerned out-of-competition doping control samples and, hence, were not pursued with confirmatory analyses. Yet, the initial testing procedure results indicate that hydrafinil might require consideration in sports drug testing programs to ensure its detection, if classified as prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

Mass spectrometric identification and characterization of urinary metabolites of isopropylnorsynephrine for doping control purposes / Oliver Krug, Andreas Thomas, Mario Thevis. - (Analytical Science Advances (2021) 5 February;  p. 1-8)

• DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202100004

Abstract

Isopropylnorsynephrine (isopropyloctopamine, deterenol, 4‐(1‐hydroxy‐2‐(isopropylamino)ethyl)phenol), a beta‐selective and direct‐acting adrenergic agonist, has been reported in the past as declared as well as non‐declared ingredient of dietary supplements. The proven biological activity and the structural similarity of isopropylnorsynephrine to substances classified as prohibited compounds according to the World Anti‐Doping Agency's (WADA's) regulations could necessitate the inclusion of this sympathomimetic amine into routine doping control analytical assays. Therefore, information on urinary metabolites is desirable in order to allow for an efficient implementation of target compounds into existing multi‐analyte testing procedures, enabling the unequivocal identification of the administration of isopropylnorsynephrine by an athlete. In a pilot study setting, urine samples were collected prior to and after the oral application of ca. 8.7 mg of isopropylnorsynephrine, which were subjected to liquid chromatography‐high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry. The intact drug, hydroxylated and/or glucurono‐ or sulfo‐conjugated isopropylnorsynephrine were detected up to 48 h post‐administration, with isopropylnorsynephrine sulfate representing the most abundant urinary target analyte. No relevant amounts of the dealkylation product (octopamine) were observed, indicating that merely moderate adaptations of existing test methods (or data evaluation strategies) are required to include isporpoylnorsynephrine in antidoping analytics, if required.