Pure Performance in Sport: Chapter 5 - How to use ASADA education services

23 Jun 2010

ASADA believes in pure performance in sport. The 'Pure Performance in Sport' video has been produced to highlight to athletes, coaches, the families of athletes and everyone involved in sport what you can and can't do, how drug testing works and a lot more.

The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) is a government statutory authority that is Australia's driving force for pure performance in sport. It is the organisation with prime responsibility for implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code) in Australia.

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Type:
video

Pure Performance in Sport: Chapter 6 - Sample collection procedures

23 Jun 2010

ASADA believes in pure performance in sport. The 'Pure Performance in Sport' video has been produced to highlight to athletes, coaches, the families of athletes and everyone involved in sport what you can and can't do, how drug testing works and a lot more.

The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) is a government statutory authority that is Australia's driving force for pure performance in sport. It is the organisation with prime responsibility for implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code) in Australia.

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Type:
video

Pure Performance in Sport: Chapter 7 - Therapeutic Use Exemptions

23 Jun 2010

ASADA believes in pure performance in sport. The 'Pure Performance in Sport' video has been produced to highlight to athletes, coaches, the families of athletes and everyone involved in sport what you can and can't do, how drug testing works and a lot more.

The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) is a government statutory authority that is Australia's driving force for pure performance in sport. It is the organisation with prime responsibility for implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code) in Australia.

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Type:
video

Pure Performance in Sport: Chapter 8 - Athlete Whereabouts

23 Jun 2010

ASADA believes in pure performance in sport. The 'Pure Performance in Sport' video has been produced to highlight to athletes, coaches, the families of athletes and everyone involved in sport what you can and can't do, how drug testing works and a lot more.

The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) is a government statutory authority that is Australia's driving force for pure performance in sport. It is the organisation with prime responsibility for implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code) in Australia.

show » details »
Type:
video

Pure Performance in Sport: Chapter 9 - Rule violations & results management

23 Jun 2010

ASADA believes in pure performance in sport. The 'Pure Performance in Sport' video has been produced to highlight to athletes, coaches, the families of athletes and everyone involved in sport what you can and can't do, how drug testing works and a lot more.

The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) is a government statutory authority that is Australia's driving force for pure performance in sport. It is the organisation with prime responsibility for implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code) in Australia.

show » details »
Type:
video

Pursuit of the muscular ideal: Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors

30 Dec 2004

Pursuit of the muscular ideal : Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors / Guy Cafria, J. Kevin Thompson, Lina Ricciardelli, Marita McCabe, Linda Smolak, Charles Yesalis. - (Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 2 (February); p. 215-239)
- PMID: 15642647.
- DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003


Abstract

Developing a lean muscular figure for the purposes of sports and/or appearance has become a central issue for males. Concern has been raised because the desire to develop such a body build may lead to the adoption of numerous health-threatening behaviors. Consequently, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the physical and psychological consequences that result from the use of steroids (legal and illegal), ephedrine, and deleterious dieting strategies specific to males. Putative risk factors for these behaviors will be identified, and the clinical disorder associated with the extreme abuse of these behaviors, muscle dysmorphia, will be examined.

Qualitative and Hierarchical Analysis of Protective Factors against Illicit Use of Doping Substances in Athletes Calling a National Anti-Doping Phone-Help Service

5 May 2013

Qualitative and Hierarchical Analysis of Protective Factors against Illicit Use of Doping Substances in Athletes Calling
a National Anti-Doping Phone-Help Service / Sara A. Mohamed, Jean Bilard, Denis Hauw. - (Montenegrin Journal of Sport Science and Medicine / 2 (2013) 2; p. 21-25)



Abstract


Evidence of a sport-specific hierarchy of protective factors against doping would thus be a powerful aid in adapting information and prevention campaigns to target the characteristics of specific athlete groups, and especially those athletes most vulnerable for doping control. The contents of phone calls to a free and anonymous national anti-doping service called ‘ecoute dopage’ were analysed (192 bodybuilders, 124 cyclists and 44 footballers). The results showed that the protective factors that emerged from analysis could be categorised into two groups. The first comprised ‘Health concerns’, ‘Respect for the law’ and ‘Doping controls from the environment’ and the second comprised ‘Doubts about the effectiveness of illicit products, ‘Thinking skills’ and ‘Doubts about doctors’. The ranking of the factors for the cyclists differed from that of the other athletes. The ordering of factors was 1) respect for the law, 2) doping controls from the environment, 3) health concerns 4) doubts about doctors, and 5) doubts about the effectiveness illicit products. The results are analysed in terms of the ranking in each athlete group and the consequences on the athletes’ experience and relationship to doping. Specific prevention campaigns are proposed to limit doping behaviour in general and for each sport.

Qualitative description of the prevalence and use of anabolic androgenic steroids by United States powerlifters

1 Jan 1999

Curry LA, Wagman DF.
Percept Mot Skills. 1999 Feb;88(1):224-33.
Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Montana, MT 59812-1055, USA. curry58@selway.umt.edu

Powerlifters have been suspected to be a population wherein use of anabolic androgenic steroids is prevalent (Yesalis, Herrick, & Buckley, 1988). To access commentary from these athletes on issues related to these drugs and the effectiveness of doping controls, a survey was developed. From 28 U.S. Powerlifting Team members who competed internationally since 1988, 26 were contacted by mail, and 15 questionnaires were returned. The questionnaire solicited yes/no responses and qualitative descriptions about current and previous use of anabolic androgenic steroids in powerlifting. Analysis indicated that ten U.S. Powerlifting
Team members admitted to using these drugs, and five athletes admitted to beating the International Olympic Committee's doping control procedures. Reported use of anabolic androgenic steroids by these athletes was consistent with data presented by Yesalis, et al. and illustrated continued discrepancy between admitted use of these drugs prior to or during national and international events and the lack of reported positive test data. Discussion focused on the value of this study to elicit in an athlete's own words commentary specific to the use of anabolic androgenic steroids and the need for more effective doping controls.

PMID:
10214647
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Quality of illegal doping substances – an exploration of the quality of illegally traded doping substances and the health risks that accompany their use [2005]

1 Jan 2005

Kwaliteit van Illegale Dopingmiddelen Een inventarisatie van de kwaliteit van illegaal verhandelde dopinggeduide middelen en de gezondheidsrisico’s bij gebruik / Olivier de Hon, R. van Kleij. - Capelle aan den IJssel : Nederlands Centrum voor Dopingvraagstukken (NeCeDo), 2005

Quality of illegal doping substances – an exploration of the quality of illegally traded doping substances and the health risks that accompany their use / Olivier de Hon, R. van Kleij. - Capelle aan den IJssel : Nederlands Centrum voor Dopingvraagstukken (NeCeDo), 2005



SUMMARY

Introduction
Approximately six percent of the visitors of gymnasia and fitness centers have ever used doping in an effort to sculpture a more muscular and/or slimmer appearance. Although doping use by elite athletes receives the greatest attention by the media and the general public, from a public health point of view it is the group of cosmetic athletes who choose to use doping substances who are the most important target audience when drafting anti-doping policy. Health damage as a result of doping use may be caused by the side effects of the doping substances themselves, by the way in which these substances are used, or by the quality of the substances used. Up till now, there are very few concrete data on this quality.

Study design
The aim of this study is to gain a current and representative insight into the quality of illegally traded doping substances in the Netherlands and into the possible health damage as a result of doping use. In addition to an extensive literature search (of both
the scientific literature and the so-called “grey” literature or newspaper articles), 336 products were analysed for the presence of doping substances. Both doping users and experts in the field were interviewed (38 persons in total) and 14 discussion boards on
the internet were frequented in a period of 16 months.

Quality of illegal doping substances
The quality of doping substances that are illegally obtained is bad. At least 50-60% of the products does not contain what is declared on the label. Counterfeit products appear in all possible ways: other, comparable, substances are processed within the product or too little or even too much of the labelled substance can be found. In 7% of all analysed products not even a trace of an active substance could be identified.

Leaving some clumsily exceptions aside, there is no efficient practical manner in which a counterfeit product can be identified. This requires a laboratory analysis, but cosmetic athletes do not have these at their disposal. In practical terms this means that doping using athletes use a trial-and-error approach and regard a perceived improvement in strength and/or muscle mass as proof that they are not using counterfeit products. But athletes who are comforted by such a result also run risks: the quality of illegally traded doping substances varies immensely and a product that looks identical from the outside, with the same lot number and expiry date, may very well contain a completely different dosage.

The doping market
The core of the black market in doping substances apparently has not changed over the last few years: most of the used substances are anabolic steroids in order to gain muscle mass. In addition, substances are used to enhance the effects of anabolics, such as growth hormone and insulin. New developments that have been identified are a larger acceptance of the use of both insulin and precursors of anabolic steroids and a shift from amphetamines towards so-called “stackers” that contain ephedra.

Doping substances originate from all over the world. Rising sources are particularly countries from the Middle East (Iran, Iraq) and China. The internet seems to be more an informational source than an important source of actually acquiring these substances. There are some signs that a new kind of dealer is arising over the last few years, who is very much different from the traditional dealer who often combines the sale of doping substances with advices on dietary and training issues. This new kind of dealer often has no direct link with gyms or fitness centres.

Health damage by doping substances
The results of this study clearly indicate that the use of doping substances, illegally traded or not, can be associated with a large hidden health problem. This does not only originate from the side effects of the used substances, but also from the way in which they are used: in several combinations and often in very high (labelled) dosages. In addition to this, users of counterfeit products run extra risks. The dosages of these products are completely unpredictable, which means that the side effects that are
encountered are likewise unpredictable. In some instances, the lack of hygiene surrounding the places where these products are processed pose an additional health risk.

Notwithstanding these facts, many doping users are not aware of any health damage as a result of their use; they feel perfectly healthy. These doping users are in close contact with each other and fortify each other’s beliefs of “safe” use. The available research results and case studies that are published in medical literature on the possible health consequences of doping use (both light and severe) are trivialised, possibly because these athletes do not feel personally confronted by these results. This group of doping users can only be reached when they are confronted with arguments that affect them personally. This necessitates objective data on the health risks associated with doping use. This might be realized by confronting these athletes with their own health status or with the lack of quality of the substances they (consider to) use.

Health promotion activities
During the interviews several possible measures were raised with the intent to minimise doping use. A lot of doping users plea for officially decontrolling some doping substances for non-competitive athletes. These substances would be relatively safe to use in their opinion. Given the health risks that are nevertheless linked to such an approach, this does not seem to be a good solution, also because the existing medical guidelines in the Netherlands do not permit such an approach. Alternative measures, such as the installment of an official possibility to have doping substances tested in a laboratory prior to their use or the creation of medical health desks for doping related questions carry with them a disadvantage of an implicit message to promote doping use.

As long as there are no quantitative data available on the health damage that occurs as a result of doping use a well-balanced decision on the possible introduction of alternative approaches cannot be made. Acquiring such data should therefore be a priority. In the mean time both the cosmetic athletes and those who are closely involved in their athletic activities (e.g. fitness professionals and consulted doctors) need to be well-informed on all aspects of doping use, especially on the alternatives of doping use and on the risks that are involved when using counterfeit doping substances.



SAMENVATTING

Achtergronden
Ongeveer zes procent van de bezoekers aan sportscholen en fitnesscentra heeft ooit doping gebruikt met als doel om een gespierder en/of slanker uiterlijk te krijgen. Hoewel dopinggebruik in de topsport de grootste aandacht krijgt in de media en bij het grote publiek, zijn het de dopinggebruikende cosmetische sporters die vanuit een gezondheidsoogpunt de belangrijkste doelgroep vormen bij het formuleren van antidopingbeleid. Gezondheidsschade door dopinggebruik kan zich openbaren als gevolg van de bijwerkingen van de middelen zelf, van de wijze waarop deze middelen gebruikt worden en van de kwaliteit van de gebruikte middelen. Over deze kwaliteit zijn tot nu toe zeer weinig concrete gegevens bekend.

Onderzoeksopzet
Het doel van dit onderzoek is een actueel en representatief inzicht te verkrijgen in de kwaliteit van illegaal verhandelde dopinggeduide middelen in Nederland en de mogelijke gezondheidsschade van gebruik. Naast een uitgevoerd literatuuronderzoek (zowel van de wetenschappelijke als van de “grijze” literatuur, zoals krantenberichten) zijn hiervoor 336 productverpakkingen geanalyseerd op de aanwezigheid van dopinggeduide middelen. Hiernaast zijn 38 interviews afgenomen bij gebruikers en andere ingevoerden en zijn 14 discussieforums op internet bezocht gedurende een periode van 16 maanden.

Kwaliteit van illegale dopingmiddelen
De kwaliteit van de illegaal te verkrijgen dopinggeduide middelen is slecht. Tenminste 50-60% van de producten levert niet wat op de verpakking staat gedeclareerd. Vervalsingen zijn er in alle vormen: er zitten andere, vergelijkbare stoffen in het product verwerkt of er zit te weinig of zelfs te veel van de werkzame stof in. In 7% van de gevallen is geen enkele werkzame stof in het product verwerkt. Enkele knullige uitzonderingen daargelaten, is er geen goede praktische manier om met een middel in de hand te bepalen of het betreffende middel een vervalsing is of niet. Een labanalyse is hiervoor de geëigende methode, maar cosmetische sporters hebben hier in de praktijk geen beschikking over. Vandaar dat in de praktijk vaak een trial-and-error benadering wordt gebruikt waarbij de mate van spier- en/of krachtgroei als bewijs wordt gezien dat het geen vervalsing betreft. Maar ook op deze manier gerustgestelde gebruikers lopen risico’s: de kwaliteit van de vervalste producten schommelt behoorlijk
en een product dat er vanaf de buitenkant hetzelfde uitziet, met onder ander hetzelfde batchnummer en dezelfde houdbaarheidsdatum, kan zeer verschillend gedoseerd zijn.

De gebruikersmarkt
De kern van de zwarte markt in dopingmiddelen is de afgelopen jaren ogenschijnlijk niet veranderd: het merendeel van de gebruikte middelen betreft anabole steroïden om extra spiermassa te verkrijgen. Daarnaast worden middelen gebruikt om het effect van de anabolen te vergroten, zoals groeihormoon en insuline. Nieuwe ontwikkelingen die zijn vastgesteld is een grotere acceptatie van het gebruik van insuline en precursors van anabole steroïden en een verschuiving van amfetaminegebruik naar zogenaamde “stackers” die ephedra bevatten.

De dopingmiddelen zijn afkomstig uit de hele wereld. Landen uit het Midden-Oosten zoals Iran en Irak zijn in opkomst als bronlanden, net als China. Internet lijkt vooralsnog meer een plek van informatievoorziening dan een belangrijke aankoopbron van middelen. Er zijn aanwijzingen dat er de afgelopen jaren een nieuw soort handelaar in opkomst is, als tegenpool van de traditionele handelaar die de verkoop van dopingmiddelen vaak combineert met het geven van voedings- en trainingsadviezen. Deze nieuwe handelaar heeft vaak geen directe binding met de sportschool- en fitnesswereld.

Gezondheidsschade door dopingmiddelen
De onderzoeksresultaten geven een indicatie dat het gebruik van dopinggeduide middelen, al dan niet van illegale oorsprong, geassocieerd kan worden met een fors verborgen gezondheidsprobleem. De gezondheidsrisico’s schuilen niet alleen in de bijwerkingen die de gebruikers van de middelen zelf kunnen krijgen, maar ook in de wijze waarop deze middelen worden gebruikt: in verschillende combinaties met vaak zeer hoge (gedeclareerde) doseringen. Bovendien brengt het gebruiken van vervalste dopingmiddelen extra risico’s met zich mee. De doseringen zijn volstrekt onvoorspelbaar, wat betekent dat ook de ondervonden bijwerkingen onvoorspelbaar worden. Een enkele keer vormen ook de onhygiënische omstandigheden waaronder de vervalsingen worden gemaakt een gezondheidsrisico.

Tegelijkertijd zijn er vele gebruikers die aangeven niets te merken van gezondheidsschade. Deze gebruikers hebben veel contact met elkaar en versterken elkaars ideeën over “veilig” gebruik. De onderzoeken en case studies die beschikbaar zijn in de medische literatuur over meer of mindere gezondheidsschade door dopinggebruik worden door deze groep gebagatelliseerd, wellicht omdat zij hier niet persoonlijk mee worden geconfronteerd. Deze gebruikersgroep zal pas bereikt kunnen worden als er argumenten worden aangedragen die hen persoonlijk raken. Hiervoor zijn objectieve gegevens over de gezondheidsrisico’s onontbeerlijk. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld gebeuren door sporters te confronteren met hun eigen gezondheidsstatus of door hen te wijzen op de gebrekkige kwaliteit van de middelen die zij (overwegen te) gebruiken.

Gezondheidsbevorderende maatregelen
Tijdens de interviews kwamen enkele mogelijke maatregelen naar voren om de gezondheidsschade als gevolg van dopinggebruik te minimaliseren. Veel gebruikers pleiten voor vrijgave van enkele, in hun ogen relatief veilige, dopingmiddelen voor sporters die niet aan wedstrijden meedoen. Gezien de gezondheidsrisico’s van de middelen zelf die hiermee toch gepaard gaan, lijkt dit geen goede oplossing en bovendien staan de bestaande medische gedragsregels op het gebied van doping dit niet toe. Alternatieve aanpakken, zoals de mogelijkheid creëren om illegaal verhandelde dopinggeduide middelen te laten testen in een laboratorium alvorens over te gaan tot gebruik of het instellen van medische loketten voor dopinggerelateerde gezondheidsvragen, hebben als nadeel dat zij juist dopinggebruik impliciet zouden kunnen stimuleren. Zolang er geen kwantitatief inzicht is in de gezondheidsschade die in Nederland optreedt als gevolg van het gebruik van dopinggeduide middelen kan er nog geen gefundeerde beslissing worden genomen of dit soort alternatieve aanpakken opportuun zijn. Het verdient dan ook prioriteit om dit inzicht te verkrijgen. In de tussentijd dienen de cosmetische sporters zelf en de mensen die hen bij hun sport begeleiden (zowel fitness professionals als de artsen die zij benaderen bij medische vragen) goed op de hoogte te zijn en te blijven van alle aspecten van dopinggebruik, met name van de alternatieven voor gebruik en van de risico’s die vervalste dopinggeduide middelen met zich meebrengen.

Quantification and Profiling of 19-Norandrosterone and 19-Noretiocholanolone in Human Urine after Consumption of a Nutritional Supplement and Norsteroids

1 Mar 2005

Quantification and Profiling of 19-Norandrosterone and 19-Noretiocholanolone in Human Urine after Consumption of a Nutritional Supplement and Norsteroids / Ying Lung Tseng, Fan-Hsin Kuo, Kuo-Hu Sun. - (Journal of Analytical Toxicology 29 (2005) 2 (March); p. 124-134)

  • PMID: 15902981
  • DOI: 10.1093/jat/29.2.124


Abstract

Nandrolone is one of the synthetic anabolic steroids banned in sports and has been a popular substance abused by athletes in recent years. One of its major metabolites, 19-norandrosterone (19-NA), has been used as a determinant for drug violations in sports. Current reports regarding nandrolone-positive cases have been related to intake of some nandrolone-free nutritional supplements. The aim of this study was to learn whether if a nutritional supplement sold by over-the-counter (OTC) nutritional stores could yield the same metabolic products as that of nandrolone. If so, what is (are) the substance(s) that contributed to the nandrolone metabolites? To determine the content of an OTC nutritional supplement, a tablet was dissolved in methanol, followed by N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA)-trimethyliodosilane (TMIS) derivatization prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The collected urine samples underwent extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and derivatization before the analyses of GC-MS. The results showed that seven anabolic steroids were found as contaminants in the nutritional supplement, in addition to six that were listed in the ingredients by the manufacturer. We confirmed previous reports that administration of the OTC supplement could produce a positive urine test for nandrolone metabolites. Furthermore, the results from excretion studies showed that 19-NA and 19-noretiocholanolone (19-NE) were present in urine after consuming the nutritional supplement, nandrolone, 19-nor-4-androsten-3,17-dione, 19-nor-4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol, and 19-nor-5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol. The 19-NA concentrations in urine were generally higher than that of 19-NE (19-NA/19-NE ratio > 1.0) especially during the early stage of excretion, that is, before 6 h post-administration. After this period of time, the concentrations of 19-NA and 19-NE fluctuated and might even have reversed (19-NA/19-NE ratio < 1.0) in their ratio, that is, higher yield in 19-NE than that in 19-NA. On the basis of this study, we postulate that some doping violations of nandrolone could be attributed by indiscriminate administration of the OTC nutritional supplements that contained 19-norsteroids.

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