Shields EW Jr.
Adolescence. 1995 Winter;30(120):839-61.
Department of Physical Education, Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-8605, USA.

Through observations and perceptions of athletic directors/coaches, this study (1) broadly examined substance abuse of adolescent (high school) student-athletes; (2) made comparisons of substance abuse between student-athletes and students comprising the general student body; and (3) made selected comparisons of substance abuse between the regional data of this study and that of a national survey of high school coaches done by George H. Gallup International Institute (1991). Some comparisons were also made with the findings of a survey of drug use patterns among a sample of 10,883 public school students conducted by the Alcohol and Drug Defense (ADD) Section, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction (1991; 1989; 1987a, 1987b) and a survey of drug use patterns among 2,685 high school student-athletes (Shields, 1988).

The drug abuse problem for student-athletes was observed-perceived to be of lesser magnitude regionally than nationally and to be less for student-athletes with their peers in the general student body. In virtually every comparison of student-athletes with their peers in the general student body, the drug problem was seen to be less for student-athletes, and in some instances, dramatically less.

PMID:
8588520
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs : The case of microdosing psychedelics / Dimitrios Liokaftos

• International Journal of Drug Policy 95 (2021) 103099 (September)
• PMID: 33518382
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103099

Abstract

Microdosing psychedelics is the regular use of sub-perceptive threshold doses of substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin ('magic') mushrooms. The phenomenon has attracted increasing public and scientific attention in numerous countries in recent years. This commentary looks at microdosing psychedelics as an emerging facet of human enhancement through drugs. After presenting a narrative based on a multidisciplinary body of literature on human enhancement drugs and microdosing, the commentary maps out directions for further sociological studies of the phenomenon as well as outlining the different fields such research can contribute to.

Some Current Challenges Facing the Athlete and Their Doctor / Shane P. Brun. - (Australian Journal of General Practice 49 (2020) 1-2 (January-February); p. 23-31).
- PMID: 32008269.
- DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-09-19-5081

Abstract

Background:
Primary care physicians are often responsible for the care of people involved in sporting and exercise activities at various competitive levels. Issues confronting the athlete and their primary care physician are the potentially serious risks, responsibilities and challenges facing those involved with sport and physical activity.

Objective:
The aim of this article is to address three of the most important challenges currently facing the athlete and primary care physician caring for athletes. The challenges are to recognise the potential risks to the athlete of sustaining a sudden cardiac arrest, sports-related concussion or doping violation in sport, as each of these have serious implications for life, wellbeing, performance and/or reputation. Education and risk mitigation are also essential components of care that will be addressed.

Discussion:
The primary care physician caring for athletes has a pivotal role in ensuring appropriate screening, education and ongoing surveillance to minimise the potentially serious risks facing those involved with physical activity.

Act on the protection of health and the fight against doping in sport : Public General Act 7/2006 dated November 21st, 2006 / Government of Spain. - Madrid : Government of Spain, 2006. - (BOE-A-2006-20263). - (Official State Gazette (2006) 279 (22 November); Sec. I., Page 40859-40879)

Translation of:
Ley Orgánica 7/2006, de 21 de noviembre, de protección de la salud y de lucha contra el dopaje en el deporte.

Ley Orgánica 7/2006, de 21 de noviembre, de protección de la salud y de lucha contra el dopaje en el deporte / Government of Spain. - Madrid : Government of Spain, 2006. - (BOE-A-2006-20263). - (Official State Gazette (2006) 279 (22 November); Sec. I., Page 40859-40879)

Original Spanish version of:
Act on the protection of health and the fight against doping in sport : Public General Act 7/2006 dated November 21st, 2006

Act 2013 on the protection of athletes’ health and the fight against doping in sports activities : Fundamental Law 3 dated June 20th, 2013 / Government of Spain. - Madrid : Government of Spain, 2013. - (BOE-A-2013-6732). - (Official State Gazette (2013) 148 (21 June); Sec. I. Page 46652-466562)

Translation of:
Ley Orgánica 3/2013, de 20 de junio, de protección de la salud del deportista y lucha contra el dopaje en la actividad deportiva.

Ley Orgánica 3/2013, de 20 de junio, de protección de la salud del deportista y lucha contra el dopaje en la actividad deportiva / Government of Spain. - Madrid : Government of Spain, 2013. - (BOE-A-2013-6732). - (Official State Gazette (2013) 148 (21 June); Sec. I. Page 46652-466562)

Original Spanish version of:
Act 2013 on the protection of athletes’ health and the fight against doping in sports activities : Fundamental Law 3 dated June 20th, 2013

Related case:

Spanish District Court 302_2016 WADA, UCI, CONI & RFEC vs Eufemiano Claudio Fuentes Rodríguez, José Ignacio Labarta Barrera, Manuel Saiz Balbás, Yolanda Fuentes Rodríguez & Vicente Belda Vicedo
June 10, 2016

Órgano: Juzgado de lo Penal
Sede: Madrid
Sección: 21
Nº de Recurso: 52/2012
Nº de Resolución: 144/2013
Procedimiento: PENAL - PROCEDIMIENTO ABREVIADO/SUMARIO
Ponente: JULIA PATRICIA SANTAMARIA MATESANZ
Tipo de Resolución: Sentencia

In the Operación Puerto doping case the Guardia Civil arrested on 22 May 2016 the Spanish sports doctor Eufemiano Fuentes together with other accomplices. In Fuentes' clinic and offices in Madrid, 186 blood bags were found belonging to professional athletes and marked with coded names, besides EPO, steroids, and growth hormone.
The scandal that grew from the arrests implicated well-known road racing cyclists Fuentes continually denied having performed illegal operations. He said that he did not work exclusively with cyclists but had other athletes as clients such as footballers and tennis players.

In January 2013 the Operacion Puerto trial was conducted against Fuentes and other accomplices under Spanish criminal law covering the illicit administration of medication, and not under the anti-doping legislation that exists in Spain today but did not exist back in 2006.
On the 29 April 2013 Fuentes was found guilty and given a 1-year suspended prison sentence.

In the Puerto trial the Spanish judge also ruled on a request from RFEC, WADA, UCI and CONI to hand over blood bags to the Spanish anti-doping agency. However the judge ordered on 29 April 2013 to destroy the blood bags, but the anti-doping agency appealed this decision.
Hereafter additional appeals where filed by the RFEC, WADA, UCI and CONI), as well as by the prosecution.

Related case:

Spanish Criminal Court 52_2012 RFEC, WADA, UCI & CONI vs Eufemiano Claudio Fuentes Rodríguez, José Ignacio Labarta Barrera, Manuel Saiz Balbás, Yolanda Fuentes Rodríguez & Vicente Belda Vicedo
April 29, 2013

Audiencia Provincial de Madrid Sentencian Nº 302/2016
Sección Primera
Magistrados:
- Alejandro Benito López
- Manuel Chacón Alonso
- Elena Perales Guilló

Procedimiento abreviado nº 52/2012
Juzgado de lo Penal nº 21 de Madrid
Rollo de Sala nº 319/2013

En Madrid, a diez de junio de dos mil dieciséis.

Vistos en segunda instancia los recursos de apelación contra la sentencia de 29 de abril de 2013 del Juzgado de lo Penal nº 21 de Madrid en el procedimiento abreviado nº 52/2012, seguido contra:
- don Eufemiano Claudio Fuentes Rodríguez,
- don José Ignacio Labarta Barrera,
- don Manuel Saiz Balbás,
- doña Yolanda Fuentes Rodríguez y
- don Vicente Belda Vicedo.

In the doping case Operacion Puerto the Guardia Civil arrested on 22 May 2016 the Spanish sports doctor Eufemiano Fuentes together with four other accomplices. In Fuentes' clinic, home and office in Madrid, 186 blood bags were found belonging to professional athletes and marked with coded names, besides EPO, steroids, and growth hormone.

In January 2013 the Operacion Puerto trial was conducted against Fuentes and accomplices under Spanish criminal law covering the illicit administration of medication, and not under the anti-doping legislation that exists in Spain today but did not exist back in 2006. On the 29 April 2013 Fuentes was found guilty and given a 1 year suspended prison sentence.

In the Puerto trial (case 52/2012) the Spanish judge also ruled on a request from RFEC, WADA, UCI and CONI to hand over blood bags to the Spanish anti-doping agency. However the judge ordered on 29 April 2013 to destroy the blood bags, but the anti-doping agency appealed this decision.
Hereafter additional appeals where filed by the RFEC, WADA, UCI and CONI, as well as by the prosecution against sentence 52/2012 of 29 April 2013.

On 10 June 2016 the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid ruled that 211 blood bags collected during the Operación Puerto doping investigation should be hand over to anti-doping authorities in Italy, as well as the UCI and the World Anti-Doping Agency.

The Spanish Court also absolved of guilt dr. Fuentes, who in 2013 was found by the Spanish court to have doped cyclists and handed a suspended jail sentence, with the new sentence his actions did not constitute a crime under Spanish law.

In April 2013, Spanish judge Santamaria found that Fuentes' use of blood-doping methods was illegal, although she decided that Spanish privacy laws prohibited the passing on of evidence to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), International Cycling Union (UCI) or Spanish Anti-Doping Agency (AEA) for further investigation or identification of individuals.

The Spanish judge Alejandro Maria Benito of the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid reversed on 10 June 2016 both decisions, and decided that evidence collected during a police investigation that dates back to 2006, and currently stored in Barcelona, can be investigated at again.

Speeding up the screening of steroids in urine : development of a user-friendly library / M. Galesio, H. López-Fdez, M. Reboiro-Jato, Silvana Gómez-Meire, D. Glez-Peña, F. Fdez-Riverola, Carlos Lodeiro, M.E. Diniz, J.L. Capelo. - (Steroids 78 (2013) 12-13 (11 December); p. 1226-1232)

• PMID: 24036418
• DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.08.014

Abstract

This work presents a novel database search engine - MLibrary - designed to assist the user in the detection and identification of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) and its metabolites by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and mass spectrometry-based strategies. The detection of the AAS in the samples was accomplished by searching (i) the mass spectrometric (MS) spectra against the library developed to identify possible positives and (ii) by comparison of the tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) spectra produced after fragmentation of the possible positives with a complete set of spectra that have previously been assigned to the software. The urinary screening for anabolic agents plays a major role in anti-doping laboratories as they represent the most abused drug class in sports. With the help of the MLibrary software application, the use of MALDI techniques for doping control is simplified and the time for evaluation and interpretation of the results is reduced. To do so, the search engine takes as input several MALDI-TOF-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS spectra. It aids the researcher in an automatic mode by identifying possible positives in a single MS analysis and then confirming their presence in tandem MS analysis by comparing the experimental tandem mass spectrometric data with the database. Furthermore, the search engine can, potentially, be further expanded to other compounds in addition to AASs. The applicability of the MLibrary tool is shown through the analysis of spiked urine samples.