Robert D. Kersey, PhD, ATC, CSCS
San Jose State University in San Jose, CA 95192-0054.
Journal of Athletic Training - Volume 31 * Number 3 * September 1996

Objective: To determine the incidence of anabolicandrogenic
steroid use among a sample of community college
student-athletes; also, to compare various aspects of users and
nonusers, as well as to describe usage patterns.

Design and Setting: A survey following random stratified
cluster sampling techniques was administered to 10 California
community colleges.

Subjects: A group of 1,185 male and female studentathletes.
Measurements: An anonymous 27-item, valid, and reliable
questionnaire was administered surveying anabolic-androgenic
steroid use and usage patterns.

Results: Of all student-athletes sampled, 3.3% were anabolic-
androgenic steroid users. Gender-specific incidence rates
were 4.2% for males and 1.2% for females. Anabolicandrogenic
steroid users tended to be older males, usually intheir second year of college. The users were more often
minorities. Users believed that they were knowledgeable about
anabolic-androgenic steroids, and that the rates of usage were
higher than reported. Their sources of steroid information were
often lifting partners and fellow athletes. Use of these drugs
was most often in cycles (mean of 6.7 weeks) and was
frequently done using multiple anabolic-androgenic steroids at
a time. The average number of cycles completed was 2.9. A
wide variety of steroids were used by the student-athletes, of
which most were obtained from illegal sources.

Conclusions: Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among California
community college student-athletes were similar to other
previous research studies involving high school and university
student-athletes.

Key Words: anabolic steroid(s), athlete, ergogenic aid(s)

Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? : Insights from animals and humans / Ruth I. Wood. – (Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 29 (2008) 29 (October); p. 490-506)

• doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.12.002

Content:
1.) Breakfast of champions: recent history and prevalence of AAS use
2.) What me worry? Risks and side effects of steroid use
3.) Just say no: AAS reinforcement and dependence in humans
4.) Betcha can’t take just one: stacks and supplements
5.) Gym rats: AAS reinforcement and dependence in animals
5.1.) A few provisos, a couple of quid pro quos
5.2.) Not your father’s drugs: sex differences and effects of circulating androgens
6.) Can’t beat the real thing: reinforcing effects of AAS vs testosterone and its metabolites
7.) This is your brain on steroids: central targets of AAS action
7.1.) Dopamine
7.2.) GABA
7.3.) Serotonin
7.4.) Opioids
8.) The bottom line: what have we learned?

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, with negative health consequences. As a result, in 1991 testosterone and related AAS were declared controlled substances. However, the relative abuse and dependence liability of AAS have not been fully characterized. In humans, it is difficult to separate the direct psychoactive effects of AAS from reinforcement due to their systemic anabolic effects. However, using conditioned place preference and self-administration, studies in animals have demonstrated that AAS are reinforcing in a context where athletic performance is irrelevant. Furthermore, AAS share brain sites of action and neurotransmitter systems in common with other drugs of abuse. In particular, recent evidence links AAS with opioids. In humans, AAS abuse is associated with prescription opioid use. In animals, AAS overdose produces symptoms resembling opioid overdose, and AAS modify the activity of the endogenous opioid system.

Raport de Activitate 2012 / National Anti-Doping Agency of Romania. - Bucharest : Agenţia Naţională Anti-Doping (ANAD), 2013

Contents:

Chapter 1. Harmonization of national anti-doping legislation program
Chapter 2. Education, information and prevention program
Chapter 3. Doping testing program
Chapter 4. Scientific research and doping control laboratory
Chapter 5. Program for prevention and fight against the illicit traffick of prohibited substances
Chapter 6. International and public relations
Chapter 7. Financial resources management
Chapter 8. Perspectives 2013

Raport de Activitate 2013 / National Anti-Doping Agency of Romania. - Bucharest : Agenţia Naţională Anti-Doping (ANAD), 2014

Contents:

Capitolul 1. Programul de educatie, informare şi prevenire
Capitolul 2. Program li l de testare doping
Capitolul 3. Programuldeanalizădoping
Capitolul 4. Programul de cercetare ştiintifică
Capitolul 5. Programul de prevenire şi combatere a producerii şi traficului ilicit de substanţe dopante
Capitolul 6. Programul de cooperare internaţională
Capitolul 7. Programul de dezvolare instituţională
Capitolul 8. Perspective

Raport de Activitate 2014 / National Anti-Doping Agency of Romania. - Bucharest : Agenţia Naţională Anti-Doping (ANAD) , 2015

Content:

Capitolul I. Programul de educaţie, informare şi prevenire
Capitolul II. Programul de testare doping
Capitolul III Programul de analiză doping
Capitolul IV. Programul de cercetare ştiinţifică
Capitolul V. Programul de prevenire şi combatere a producerii şi traficului ilicit de substanţe dopante
Capitolul VI. Programul de cooperare internaţională
Capitolul VII. Programul de dezvoltare instituţională
Capitolul VIII. Perspective

Raport de Activitate 2015 / National Anti-Doping Agency of Romania. - Bucharest : Agenţia Naţională Anti-Doping (ANAD). 2016

Contents:

Capitolul I. Programul de dezvoltare instituțională
Capitolul II. Programul de educație, informare și prevenire
Capitolul III. Programul de testare doping
Capitolul IV. Programul de analiză doping
Capitolul V. Programul de cercetare științifică
Capitolul VI. Programul de prevenire și combatere a producerii și traficului ilicit de substanțe dopante
Capitolul VII. Programul de cooperare internațională
Capitolul VIII. Perspective

Raport de Activitate 2017 / National Anti-Doping Agency of Romania. - Bucharest : Agenţia Naţională Anti-Doping (ANAD), 2018

Androgenic anabolic steroid policy and high school sports : results from a policy Delphi study / J. Woolf, P. Swain. - (International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 6 (2014) 1; p. 89-106)

• DOI: 10.1080/19406940.2013.767852

Abstract

In this article, androgenic anabolic steroid policy targeted at American high school sports is investigated. In recent years several states have instituted androgenic anabolic steroid testing of high school athletes. These programmes have produced few positive tests and subsequently have been heavily criticized. A heterogeneous panel of sixteen experts was invited to debate the issue of steroid use among high school athletes using a policy Delphi method. The panel included executive managers from anti-doping organizations, academic researchers and advocates for steroid legalization. Panellists communicated their response to three rounds of questionnaires via e-mail. The dominant view expressed by the panel is that steroid use among high school athletes is likely underestimated and will increase in the future. Of concern were the quality of steroids consumed and the unintended consumption of steroids via tainted supplements. The panel was in near unanimous agreement that steroid abuse at this level needs to be addressed. However, the panel was divided on the ways in which doping policy should be implemented at the high school level. A small majority favoured the inclusion of drug testing of athletes. Those in favour of drug testing believed that educational efforts, while necessary, are insufficient to address this issue. Panellists stated that educational initiatives should be presented using a balanced approach that covers the positive and negative effects of steroids. Moreover, educational programmes need to emphasize alternative approaches to performance enhancement and include a moral education component. These issues were explored and the implications for policy discussed.