Chemical derivatization to enhance ionization of anabolic steroids in LC-MS for doping-control analysis / Ioanna Athanasiadou, Yiannis S. Angelis, Emmanouil Lyris, Costas Georgakopoulos. - (TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 42 (2013) January; p. 137-156)

• DOI: org/10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.003

Abstract

Anabolic androgenic steroids are the most frequently misused compounds in human sports, despite their prohibition by the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency. In equestrian sports, this class of substances has also been prohibited by the national equestrian federations and the Federation Equestre Internationale.

It is well known that the applicability of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the detection of these substances presents sensitivity limitations. The absence of acidic or basic groups or conjugated oxo-systems in the structures of some anabolic steroids explains their ionization difficulties in soft atmospheric pressure ionization (API) sources [e.g., electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization or atmospheric pressure photoionization].

The goal of chemical derivatization is conversion of a poorly ionizable or non-ionizable compound into an easily detectable one by changing its chemical and physical properties and it is considered as a useful strategy for the ionization enhancement of anabolic steroids in API-MS techniques.

This review underlines the efforts made in the human and animal doping-control fields to develop and to apply derivatization methods for enhancing ESI efficiency of banned anabolic steroids, so improving their detection in LC-MS analysis according to their established minimum required performance limits.

Facts
The Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES) alleges Ashly Kraayeveld (the athlete) for a violation of the Canadian Anti-Drugs Program. On June 28, 2012 she competed in the Canadian Senior Taekwondo Championships in Toronto. She won her division and was sent to doping control shortly after the event. The urine sample that she provided resulted in an adverse analytical finding for Furosemide. Furosemide is a prohibited specified substance in the 2012 World Anti Doping Agency (“WADA”) Prohibited List.

History
The athlete admitted that she took Furosemide and in so doing
committed an anti-doping rule violation. She stated that she ingested Furosemide on June 27, 2012, the evening before competing in the Senior Nationals when she took a pill given to her by her mother to relieve the pain and discomfort that she was experiencing due to the onset of her menstrual cycle. She had no intention of enhancing her performance. She further submits that her adverse analytical finding resulted from her lack of sophistication as an athlete, her lack of doping control experience and education and an error in judgment.

Decision
Arbitrator Fraser imposed a sanction of four months ineligibility from sport, as a result of Ms. Kraayeveld’s prompt admission and early acceptance of a provisional suspension, the period of ineligibility began on June 28, 2012, the date of sample collection, and concluded on October 28, 2012.

The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) has reported and anti-doping rule violation against Ladislav Hanák (the Driver) after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance metoprolol.
On 29 October 2012 the Anti-Doping Committee - FIA Medical Commission (ACMC) decides to impose the sanction of a reprimand on the Driver.

Dis NON! au dopage - Accepte le défi

WADA has produced a series 15-second video clips to help drive its ‘Say NO! To Doping’ awareness campaign.

The clips, designed to reinforce the sporting concept of fair play and integrity, are also available to stakeholders to utilize for their own awareness initiatives.

WADA hopes that the clips will be used as widely as possible to deliver the message that success in the sporting arena can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, respect for your fellow competitors, and respect for the rules of sport.

Dis NON! au dopage - Inspire le respect

WADA has produced a series 15-second video clips to help drive its ‘Say NO! To Doping’ awareness campaign.

The clips, designed to reinforce the sporting concept of fair play and integrity, are also available to stakeholders to utilize for their own awareness initiatives.

WADA hopes that the clips will be used as widely as possible to deliver the message that success in the sporting arena can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, respect for your fellow competitors, and respect for the rules of sport.

Dis NON! au dopage - Dépasse-toi

WADA has produced a series 15-second video clips to help drive its ‘Say NO! To Doping’ awareness campaign.

The clips, designed to reinforce the sporting concept of fair play and integrity, are also available to stakeholders to utilize for their own awareness initiatives.

WADA hopes that the clips will be used as widely as possible to deliver the message that success in the sporting arena can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, respect for your fellow competitors, and respect for the rules of sport.

Dis NON! au dopage - Trouve le courage

WADA has produced a series 15-second video clips to help drive its ‘Say NO! To Doping’ awareness campaign.

The clips, designed to reinforce the sporting concept of fair play and integrity, are also available to stakeholders to utilize for their own awareness initiatives.

WADA hopes that the clips will be used as widely as possible to deliver the message that success in the sporting arena can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, respect for your fellow competitors, and respect for the rules of sport.

WADA has produced a series 15-second video clips to help drive its ‘Say NO! To Doping’ awareness campaign.

The clips, designed to reinforce the sporting concept of fair play and integrity, are also available to stakeholders to utilize for their own awareness initiatives.

WADA hopes that the clips will be used as widely as possible to deliver the message that success in the sporting arena can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, respect for your fellow competitors, and respect for the rules of sport.

WADA has produced a series 15-second video clips to help drive its ‘Say NO! To Doping’ awareness campaign.

The clips, designed to reinforce the sporting concept of fair play and integrity, are also available to stakeholders to utilize for their own awareness initiatives.

WADA hopes that the clips will be used as widely as possible to deliver the message that success in the sporting arena can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, respect for your fellow competitors, and respect for the rules of sport.

WADA has produced a series 15-second video clips to help drive its ‘Say NO! To Doping’ awareness campaign.

The clips, designed to reinforce the sporting concept of fair play and integrity, are also available to stakeholders to utilize for their own awareness initiatives.

WADA hopes that the clips will be used as widely as possible to deliver the message that success in the sporting arena can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, respect for your fellow competitors, and respect for the rules of sport.