Facts
The French Boxing Federation (Fédération Française de Boxe, FFBoxe) - charges respondent M25 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on December 17, 2005, respondent was asked to provide an urine sample.

History
The respondent refused to sign the doping control form, also he was unable to provide enough urine for a valid sample for doping test purposes. When offered to drink something and try again he went away.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of 1 year in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized or authorized by the FFBoxe.
2. The decision starts on the date of notification.
3. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Federation of Weightlifting, Fitness, Powerlifting and Bodybuilding (Fédération Française d'Halterophilie, Musculation, Force Athlétique et Culturisme, FFHMFAC) charges respondent M24 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a contest on November 12, 2005, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. Analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolites of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substances according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list.

History
The respondent smokes cannabis and accepts the consequences, it was also her last participation in the sport.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of three months, from which one month conditionally, during this period respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized by the FFHMFAC.
2. The decision start on the date of notification.
3. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

CAS 2005/A/967 Alexis Chardenoux v/IWGA

In July 2005 the International World Games Association (IWGA) reported an anti-doping rule violation against the French dancer Alexis Chardenoux after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Finasteride.

Consequently the IWGA decides on 15 August 2005 to impose a period of ineligibility of the 2005 World Games and for disqualification of his results.

Although the Athlete had not a valid TUE for his medication he applied for a TUE 5 days before the competition which was denied thereupon by the International Dance Sport Federation (IDSF) in July 2005. The IDSF only approved the use of a medication for another condition he suffered.

Hereafter in September 2005 the Athlete appealed the IWGA decision with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The Athlete requested the Panel to annul the Appealed Decision and to annul the imposed sanction.

The Panel finds that the presence of a prohibited substance had been established in the Athlete's sample. Accordingly the Panel rules that the Athlete committed an anti-doping rule violation which automatically leads to disqualification of the individual result obtained in the competition.

Following assessment of the IWGA Rules the Panel establishes poor drafting in the sub-sections under article 10. Here the IWGA acknowledged that an error in drafting the Rules had occurred. The Panel orders that the IWGA needs to apply further refinement of its Rules.

The Panel confirmes the Ineligibility imposed on the Athlete by the IWGA. However for purposes of clarity the Panel defines the temporal scope of the sanction in harmony with the applicable provisions of the IWGA Rules.

In view of the Athlete's conduct the Panel concludes that he acted negligently regarding his TUE application and his participation into the competition without a valid TUE. Further the Panel holds that the IDSF Anti-Doping Director also bears a degree of fault regarding the Athlete's TUE application.

Therefore the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides on 5 April 2006:

1.) The Appellant's motion on appeal to set aside the decision of the IWGA Anti-Doping Panel Chamber of 15 August is dismissed.

2.) The decision of the IWGA Anti-Doping Panel Chamber of 15 August 2005 is to be supplemented in Pt. 1 and Pt. 2 with the following clarifying language:

"1. The Athlete is declared ineligible for Rock' n' Roll competition for the entire term of the 2005 World Games held in Duisburg, Germany between 14 and 24 July 2005.

2. The Athlete is disqualified of all results achieved in the Rock' n' Roll competition of the 2005 World Games held in Duisburg, Germany between 14 and 24 July 2005, in particular, his third place ranking and shall forfeit all medals received"

3.) This award is rendered without costs except for the Court Office fee of CHF 500 (five hundred Swiss Francs), which is retained by the CAS.

4.) The Parties shall bear the costs which they have individually incurred in the present arbitration procedure.

Effects of blood withdrawal and reinfusion on biomarkers of erythropoiesis in humans : Implications for anti-doping strategies / Rasmus Damsgaard, Troels Munch, Jacob Mørkeberg, Stefan P. Mortensen, José González-Alonso

• Haematologica 91 (2006) 7 (July), p. 1006-1008
• PMID: 16584989

Abstract

To discriminate autologous blood doping procedures from normal conditions, we examined the hematological response to blood withdrawal and reinfusion. We found that biomarkers of erythropoiesis are primarily affected in the anemic period. Therefore, individual variations in [Hb] exceeding 15% between samples obtained shortly before any major competition would be indicative of autologous blood manipulation.

Anti-Doping Law in South-African Sport : The Challenges of the World Anti-Doping Code / Portia Ndlovu. – (International Sports Law Journal (2006) 1-2 : p. 60-63)

Content:
1.) Introduction
2.) South African Sports and Anti-Doping Law
3.) Practical Application of Current Anti-Doping Legislation
4.) Duty to publish information on testing procedures
5.) The Institute Appeal Board
6.) The World Anti-Doping Code
7.) The International Convention against Doping in Sport
8.) The World Anti-Doping Code and the Constitution
9.) The Responsibility to Apply the Code: Sporting Bodies in South Africa
10.) Conclusion

The purpose of this article is to educate South African athletes on anti-doping laws and to create awareness that it is possible to win at any level of competition without the use of banned substances. Further, it is essential in law to highlight that there is hope for those athletes who have talent and a desire to succeed but have been historically disadvantaged however they should seek to avoid expedient success through the use of banned substances. In light of the quest to develop as a sporting nation, it is the aim of this paper is to contribute to the legal research applicable to sport by highlighting the laws relating to doping and the challenge in applying these laws in South Africa.

Baseball’s Doping Crisis and New Anti-Doping Program / James A.R. Nafziger. – (International Sports Law Journal (2006) 1-2 : p. 10-13)

Content:
1.) Baseball’s Doping Crisis
2.) Major League Baseball’s Response to the Crisis and Its Significance
2a.) MLB’s Response
2a-1.) The 2002 Program
2a-2.) Public Opinion
2a-3.) The 2005 Program
2b.) The Significance of MLB’s Response in the Process of Globalization

The most significant issue confronting professional baseball has been the use by players of performance-enhancing drugs. The widespread use of steroids, in particular, led to a doping crisis in the sport and irresistible pressures for reform emanating from congressional hearings in the United States on the crisis.
As a result, MLB first accepted minimum testing procedures and sanctions against doping in 2002 and then, under continuing public and congressional pressures, rapidly instituted a respectable program of testing and sanctions in 2005. Frontier issues involving difficult-to-detect and undetectable drugs remain to be resolved in the future. What may be particularly significant about baseball’s new program is not simply its rapid development under pressure but its growing conformity with the standards and procedures of international sports law-a significant development, given the independent role of player contracts and collective bargaining in professional baseball.
This study first summarizes baseball’s doping crisis, then discusses MLB’s response to it and the significance of the response in the context of international sports law and the globalizing process.

Narcissism and empathy in steroid users / John H. Porcerelli, Bruce A. Sandler. - (American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 11 (November); p. 1672-1674)

• PMID: 7485634
• DOI: 10.1176/ajp.152.11.1672

Abstract

Objective: In an effort to begin to construct a psychological profile of anabolic steroid users, the authors compared weight lifters and bodybuilders who did or did not use anabolic steroids on an objective measure of narcissism and on clinical ratings of empathy.

Method: The subjects were 16 weight lifters and bodybuilders who reported that they had used anabolic steroids within the past year and a comparison group of 20 weight lifters who had not used steroids. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory and clinical ratings of empathy were used to assess narcissism.

Results: Steroid users had significantly higher scores on dimensions of pathological narcissism and significantly lower scores on clinical ratings of empathy.

Conclusions: These preliminary results document a relationship between anabolic steroid use and narcissistic personality traits. They also indicate the need for further research to determine whether narcissistic personality traits contribute to the initiation of anabolic steroid use or result from their use.

Body image and attitudes toward male roles in anabolic-androgenic steroid users / Gen Kanayama, Steven Barry, James I. Hudson, Harrison G. Pope Jr.. - (American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (2006) 4 (April); p. 697-703)

• PMID: 16585446
• DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.697

Abstract

Objective: The authors sought to expand on previous observations suggesting that body-image pathology is associated with illicit use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). In particular, the authors compared current versus past AAS users and short-term versus long-term users in this respect.

Method: The authors assessed 89 heterosexual men who lifted weights regularly-48 AAS users and 41 nonusers-on measures of self-esteem, attitudes toward male roles, body image, eating-related attitudes and behaviors, and muscle dysmorphia ("reverse anorexia nervosa").

Results: AAS users as a whole showed few differences from nonusers on most measures but showed greater symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (e.g., not allowing their bodies to be seen in public, giving up pleasurable activities because of body-appearance concerns). The current and past AAS users each differed only modestly from nonusers on most measures. Short-term AAS "experimenters" were also largely indistinguishable from nonusers, but the long-term AAS users showed striking and significant differences from nonusers on many measures, including marked symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and stronger endorsement of conventional male roles.

Conclusions: Both body-image pathology and narrow stereotypic views of masculinity appear to be prominent among men with long-term AAS use. Although our cross-sectional observations cannot confirm that these factors help to cause or perpetuate AAS use, a causal hypothesis is certainly plausible and deserving of further testing in longitudinal studies. If these factors are indeed causal, then AAS users might respond to cognitive behavior approaches that simultaneously take aim at both types of maladaptive beliefs.

Ftaiti F, Dantin MP, Nicol C, Brunet C, Grélot L. The effect of desmopressin, a vasopressin analog, on endurance performance during a prolonged run in simulated heat conditions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2006 Apr;31(2):135-43.

Genetische doping / H.J. Haisma, Olivier de Hon. - (Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Klinische Chemie en Laboratoriumgeneeskunde 31 (2006) 1 : p. 261-263)

Genetische doping zal zeer waarschijnlijk binnen 5 jaar zijn intrede doen in de sportwereld. Bepaalde genen kunnen de sportieve prestatie immers verbeteren. Deze genen worden thans onderzocht in klinische studies voor de behandeling van ziektes. Het niet-therapeutische en ongecontroleerde gebruik van gendoping door sporters kan resulteren in gezondheidsschade.
Preventieve maatregelen om het gebruik van gendoping te voorkomen zijn dus noodzakelijk. Een uitvoerig voorlichtingsprogramma t.b.v. de sportbegeleiders en de sporters zelf, een evaluatie van de huidige regelgeving en de ontwikkeling van een geavanceerde detectiemethode op basis van proteomische technieken lijken de meest veelbelovende preventieve maatregelen.