Shirazi A, Tricker R.
J Drug Educ. 2005;35(1):29-46.
Northern California Health Care System, Pharmacy Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Martinez 94553-4668, USA. aidashirazi@sbcglobal.net

This study compared the perceptions of head athletic trainers (HATS) from NCAA member Divisions I, II, and III regarding current athletic department drug education policies in their institutions.

A Web-based questionnaire collected responses from 353 HATS. Drug education programs focused more on providing information about the negative consequences of drugs than changing the attitudes and behaviors of students in relation to drug use. More Division I and II schools offered comprehensive ATOD education programs to their athletes compared to Division III schools; however, the majority of these programs were not scheduled on a regular basis. HATS in all divisions reported that the abuse of alcohol and other drugs by student athletes during and after athletic and social events was a significant concern and indicated the importance of scheduling drug education programs closer to such events. Majority of HATS did not view participating in the drug education programs as part of their professional duties; however, they expressed an interest to increase their involvement in these activities.

PMID:
16270696
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Peters RJ Jr, Adams LF, Barnes JB, Hines LA, Jones DE, Krebs KM, Kelder SH.
Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(1):125-35.
Prairie View A&M University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Prairie View, Texas 77030, USA. rpeters@sph.uth.tmc.edu

In Spring 2003, a qualitative approach was used to investigate relevant beliefs and norms associated with ephedra initiation and perceived addiction to the drug among 43 primarily minority athletes, attending a historically Black university in the southwestern region of the United States, who self-identified as past users.

In general, participants stated that their second ephedra use event occurred on the same day as or the day after initiation. The majority of participants perceived that addiction was established by routine and eccentric behavior. Male athletes stated they used ephedra for improved athletic performance while females
stated they used the drug for weight loss. Male participants stated it is difficult to quit ephedra use because of the resulting decrease in athletic performance, sickness, and weight gain. Female athletes were more concerned with their appearance.

These findings are important in determining the early extent to which addiction is self-identified.

PMID:
15702652
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pursuit of the muscular ideal : Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors / Guy Cafria, J. Kevin Thompson, Lina Ricciardelli, Marita McCabe, Linda Smolak, Charles Yesalis. - (Clinical Psychology Review 25 (2005) 2 (February); p. 215-239)
- PMID: 15642647.
- DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003

Abstract

Developing a lean muscular figure for the purposes of sports and/or appearance has become a central issue for males. Concern has been raised because the desire to develop such a body build may lead to the adoption of numerous health-threatening behaviors. Consequently, this review presents a comprehensive analysis of the physical and psychological consequences that result from the use of steroids (legal and illegal), ephedrine, and deleterious dieting strategies specific to males. Putative risk factors for these behaviors will be identified, and the clinical disorder associated with the extreme abuse of these behaviors, muscle dysmorphia, will be examined.

Determination of modafinil in plasma and urine by reversed phase high-performance liquid-chromatography / Harvey A. Schwertner, Suk Bin Kong. - (Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 37 (2005) 3 (9 March); p. 475-479)

• PMID: 15740906
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.014

Abstract

Modafinil (Provigil) is a new wake-promoting drug that is being used for the management of excessive sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy. It has pharmacological properties similar to that of amphetamine, but without some of the side effects associated with amphetamine-like stimulants. Since modafinil has the potential to be abused, accurate drug-screening methods are needed for its analysis. In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid-chromatographic procedure (HPLC) for the quantitative analysis of modafinil in plasma and urine. (Phenylthio)acetic acid was used as an internal standard for the analysis of both plasma and urine. Modafinil was extracted from urine and plasma with ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate-acetic acid (100:1, v/v), respectively, and analyzed on a C18 reverse phase column with methanol-water-acetic acid (500:500:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. Recoveries from urine and plasma were 80.0 and 98.9%, respectively and the limit of quantitation was 0.1 microg/mL at 233 nm. Forty-eight 2-h post-dose urine samples from sham controls and from individuals taking 200 or 400 mg of modafinil were analyzed without knowledge of drug administration. All 16-placebo urine samples and all 32 2-h post-dose urine samples were correctly classified. The analytical procedure is accurate and reproducible and can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic studies, and drug abuse screening.

Act on Promotion of Doping-free Sport / Government of Denmark. - Copenhagen : Government of Denmark, 2004. - (Act No. 1438, 22 December 2004)

Unofficial translation of: Lov om fremme af dopingfri idrret. - (Lov nr. 1438, 22. december 2004)

Facts
The International Rugby Board (IRB) charges Younes Ho for the violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. when an urine sample provided in the course of a doping control test taken at the Rugby World Cup 2005 Sevens qualifying tournament in Tunis, Tunisia, on 25
September 2004, was found to have contained a Prohibited Substance, 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Cannabinoids) at a concentration of higher than 15ng/ml.

History
Prior to taking the test which gave rise to the positive finding, the Player had not been drug tested, although he had previously signed forms consenting to anti-doping procedures. He understood that
cannabis was a banned substance in rugby union. At a time of celebration, he forgot his responsibilities. He never thought that his recreational use of cannabis would have any effect on his sporting performance. The Player was not intendeding to enhance sport performance.

Decision
The Judicial Committee has determined that the Player will be ineligible for participation in rugby for a period of three months, commencing on 25 October 2004 and concluding on 24 January 2005.

Facts
The International Rugby Board (IRB) alleges Gary James Hewitt (the player) for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. On 25 September 2004 following the semi-final of the Top 10 cup competition of the Confederation Africaine de Rugby (“CAR”) between Namibia and Zimbabwe in Windhoek, the Player provided a urine sample as part of the doping control procedures for the match. After analysis, the sample was found to contain salbutamol in a concentration exceeding 100ng/ml.

History
Gary Hewitt (the “Player”), a member of the Zimbabwe national men’s rugby team, suffers from “severe” asthma, the effects of which are relieved by regular salbutamol (ventolin) inhalations.

Decision
A three month period of ineligibility commencing on 15 November 2004 (when the provisional suspension took effect) and continuing until and including 14 February 2005. The Player should also be aware that there would likely be severe consequences for him in the event of any further anti-doping rule violation.

Postoperative Course and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse : A Case Report / M. Medras, U. Tworowska, P. Jozkow, A. Dumanski, A. Dubinski
(Anaesthesia 60 (2005) 1 (January); p. 81-84).
- PMID: 15601278.
- DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03998.x

Abstract

It is estimated that 80% of weight lifters and body-builders take anabolic-androgenic steroids. Their long-term use is associated with a variety of pathological conditions and premature death. Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may lead to changes in the presentation and progression of some conditions. It remains unclear whether anabolic steroids should be given to patients with a history of abuse of these drugs who are to undergo surgery. We report on a fatal outcome following surgery in a 48-year-old weight lifter.

The New Zealand Sports Drug Agency (NZSD) and the New Zealand Federation of Body Builders (NZFBB) have reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Respondent after her sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Furosemide.

After notification by the NZFBB the Respondent filed a statement in her defence and was heard for the Sports Disputes Tribunal of New Zealand.
The athlete explained to the Tribunal that she was not aware that the diuretic was on the list and she had not used it for any enhancement purposes but rather to manage a fluid retention problem from which she was suffering prior to the championships. She had apologised to the sport and its administrators and she accepted her transgression. She made an early decision not to compete in the National Championships nor in any other event pending the outcome of the Tribunal’s deliberations.

The Sports Disputes Tribunal of New Zealand finds that the Respondent had committed an anti-doping rule violation in relation to the presence of the substance Furosemide in her sample.
The Tribunal decides to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Respondent starting from 10 july 2004. Medals or trophies collected by the Respondent during the competition on 10 July 2004 shall be returned immediately to the NZFBB. The Respondent is prohibited from competing or officiating at any NZFBB or IFBB events during the period of the ineligibility.

Related cases:

• CAS 2005_A_831 IAAF vs Eddy Hellebuyck
  May 5, 2006
• AAA No. 77 190 168 JENF USADA vs Eddy Hellebuyck
  January 30, 2012

Mr. Eddy Hellebuyck ("Respondent") is an elite-level distance runner in the sport of track and field. He is 43 years old and has won over 20 marathons in his career. He is a 1996 Olympian and a member of % World Championship teams for both his native Belgium and the USA.
He currently holds the American Masters records for the 10KM 15K and the half marathon. He has been drug tested often and has never tested positive until now. He is adamant that he has never taken EPO or any other banned substance.

On January 31, 204, Respondent provided a urine sample as part of the USADA Out-of-Competition testing program. The World Anti-Doping Agency ("WADA") accredited laboratory at het University of California at Los Angeles ("UCLA Laboratory") found Respondent's urine sample positive for recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), a prohibited substance under the International Association of Athletics Federations ("IAAF") Anti-Doping Rules.
As provided for in the USADA Protocol for Olympic Movement Testing, USADA enforces the rules of the IAAF, which is the international federation for the sport of track and field.

The North American Court of Arbitration for Sport Panel decides as follows:
- A doping violation occurred on the part of Respondent Eddy Hellebuyck.
- The minimum suspension for a first offender of two (2) years is imposed on Respondent to take effect from January 31, 2004.

The administrative fees and expenses of the American Arbitration Association and the compensation and expenses of the arbitrators shall by borne entirely by USADA.