AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1994-95 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Responsible Minister 3
Membership 3
Organisational structure 5
Presentations 6
Social justice 6
internal and external scrutiny 6

Chapter 2
Testing, research and policy 9
Objectives and resources 9
Drug testing 9
Register of Notifiable Events 14
Drug testing officials 15
Analytical services 16
Research 18
Policy 19
International Court of Arbitration for Sport 21
Special interest groups 21
Legislation 24
Special operational issues 26

Chapter 3
Education 29
Objectives and resources 30
School-based education programs 30
Sport-based education programs 31
information services 35
Public relations 37

Chapter 4
International 41
Objectives and resources 41
Working with international sporting federations 42
International agreements 43
International visitors 46
Drug tests statistical survey 47
Information dissemination 48
Working with government agencies 48

Chapter 5
Corporate 49
Objectives and resources 49
Planning and evaluation 49
Research 53
National activities 54
Finance 56
Human resource management 58
Staff development 59
Social justice 60
Administrative services 64

Chapter 6
Financial statements 67
1 Objects, functions and powers of the Australian Sports Drug Agency as specified in the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 84
2 Powers of the Minister under the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 86
3 Presentations by ASDA officials 1994-95 88
4 Doping control laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee 90
5 International Olympic Committee Medical Code 100
6 ASDA testing for period 1 July 1994 to 30 June 1995 100
7 User pays testing 1 July 1994 to 30 June 1995 101
8 Summary of Entries on Register of Notifiable Events 1994-95 102
9 1994-95 Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Government Analytical Laboratories and the Australian Sports Drug Agency 104
10 State Coordinators of the School Development in Health Education Project 107
11 Educational resource material distribution 1994-95 108
12 Sports Drug Education Unit advisory committees 109
13 Portfolio evaluation steering committee 110
14 Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Sports Drug Agency and the Chinese Olympic Committee Anti-Doping Commission 111
15 International testing statistics 1993 113
16 Agency resources to international clients 1994-95 116
17 Complementary Drug Testing Legislation definition of competitor 118
18 Summary of compliance with reporting guidelines 119
INDEX 120
TABLES
1.1 Financial and staffing resources summary 6
1.2 Expenditure by program 7
2.1 Summary of entries on Register of Notifiable Events by doping class and sport 15
2.2 Summary of defaulting competitors on the Register of Notifiable Events: 1991-92 to 1994-95 15
3.1 Drugs in Sport Hotline — summary 37
5.1 Strategic Plan performance information 51
5.2 Total number of employees at 30 June 1995 59
5.3 Summary of training undertaken 59
5.4 Categories of training 60

Figures
1.1 Mission, vision and corporate values of the Strategic Plan 1995-97 1
1.2 Outcome Hierachy 2
1.3 Primary functions of each program area 3
1.4 Organisation of the Australian Sports Drug Agency 5

Facts
Karen Wilkenson (the Athlete) applies for Category II Reinstatement. She was suspended from competition for four years for a violation of the Anti-Doping rules. On acquisition of her husband about tampering her doping controls she underwent an doping test under the condition: "ensure that the athlete provides a witnessed urine sample wearing a short-sleeve shirt. It is our understanding that she may be manipulating the process by substituting urine from a stored reservoir". The test took place in her office on July 7, 1995. Her sample tested positive on metabolites of the prohibited substance nandrolone.

History
The athlete denied any personal knowledge as to how the banned substance entered her body. Her "defence" is that her estranged husband, Mr. Brantley, had secretly put the drug in her soft drink and she unknowingly drank it. She relies entirely on Mr. Brantley to explain the circumstances of how the drug was administered to her. Experts proved that parts of the testimony can't be true.

Decision
Dr. Wilkinson's application for Category II Reinstatement has been denied.

Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders / A.G. Blouin, G.S. Goldfield. - (Eating Disorders 18 (1995) 2 (September); p. 159-165)

• PMID: 7581418
• DOI: 10.1002/1098-108x(199509)18:2<159::aid-eat2260180208>3.0.co;2-3

Abstract

This study was designed to examine the association between body image and eating-related attitudes among male bodybuilders in relation to two athletic comparison groups, runners and martial artists. It was also of interest to examine whether steroid use may be associated with body image disturbances in athletes. The volunteer sample of 139 male athletes recruited from fitness centers comprised 43 bodybuilders, 48 runners, and 48 martial artists (tae kwon do practitioners). Standardized measures of body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, drive for bulk, bulimia, self-esteem, depression, maturity fears, and perfectionism as well as questionnaires designed to measure attitudes toward steroids, and rates of steroid use were administered in a manner that encouraged disclosure. Bodybuilders reported significantly greater body dissatisfaction, with a high drive for bulk, high drive for thinness, and increased bulimic tendencies than either of the other athletic groups. In addition bodybuilders reported significant elevations on measures of perfectionism, ineffectiveness, and lower self-esteem. They also reported the greatest use of anabolic steroids and most liberal attitudes towards using steroids. Steroid users reported that the most significant reason for using steroids was to improve looks. Steroid users reported an elevated drive to put on muscle mass in the form of bulk, greater maturity fears, and enhanced bulimic tendencies than nonusers. The results suggest that male bodybuilders are at risk for body image disturbance and the associated psychological characteristics that have been commonly reported among eating disorder patients. These psychological characteristics also appear to predict steroid use in this group of males.

Recommendation on Standard Urine Sampling Procedures for Doping Control in and out of Competition / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1995

• Council of Europe Recommendation (95) 1

CAS 94/129 USA Shooting & Q. / Union Internationale de Tir (UIT)

• Doping of a shooter (ephedrine)
• Disqualification and suspension for 3 months
• Absence of strict liability rule in the UIT Antidoping Regulations
• Need to establish the guilty intent of the shooter to sanction him
• Right to be heard and due process

1. If the strict liability standard is to be applied, this fact must be clearly stated. The fact that the Court of Arbitration for Sport has sympathy for the principle of a strict liability rule obviously does not allow the CAS to create such a rule where it does not exist.

2. The fight against doping is arduous, and it may require strict rules. But the rule-makers and the rule-appliers must begin by being strict with themselves. Regulations that may affect the careers of dedicated athletes must be predictable. They must emanate from duly authorised bodies. They must be adopted in constitutionally proper ways. They should not be the product of an obscure process of accretion. Athletes and officials should not be confronted with a thicket of mutually qualifying or even contradictory rules that can be understood only on the basis of the de facto practice over the course of many years of a small group of insiders.

3. If the “hearing” in a given case was insufficient in the first instance, the fact is that as long as there is a possibility of full appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport the deficiency may be cured.

The Court of Arbitration for Sport decides on 23 May 1995:

1.) Grants the relief requested by the Appellants, and accordingly:
2.) reinstates Q. as the winner of the 1994 UIT Cairo World Cup entitled to retain the gold medal from that event, and
3.) declares that USA Shooting was therefore in principle entitled to the Olympic country quota slot earned as a result of Q.’s performance (it being recognised that this slot cannot be used in practice to the extent that U.S. athletes have already attained the maximum of three slots for any one country).
4.) Makes no award of costs.

Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men / Kevin E. Yaraheski, Jeffrey J. Zachwieja, Jill A. Campbell, Dennis M. Bier. - (American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 268 (1995) 2 (February); E268-E276)

• PMID: 7864103
• DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.268.2.E268

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether growth hormone (GH) administration enhances the muscle protein anabolism associated with heavy-resistance exercise training in older men. Twenty-three healthy, sedentary men (67 +/- 1 yr) with low serum insulin-like growth factor I levels followed a 16-wk progressive resistance exercise program (75-90% max strength, 4 days/wk) after random assignment to either a GH (12.5-24 micrograms.kg-1.day-1; n = 8) or placebo (n = 15) group. Fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water increased more in the GH group. Whole body protein synthesis and breakdown rates increased in the GH group after treatment. However, increments in vastus lateralis muscle protein synthesis rate, urinary creatinine excretion, and training-specific isotonic and isokinetic muscle strength were similar in both groups, while 24-h urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion was unchanged after treatment. These observations suggest that resistance exercise training improved muscle strength and anabolism in older men, but these improvements were not enhanced when exercise was combined with daily GH administration. The greater increase in FFM with GH treatment may have been due to an increase in noncontractile protein and fluid retention.

Avis consultatif TAS 94/128 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) et Comité National Olympique Italien (CONI)

Anti-Doping Rules
Conflict between the rules of an International Federation and those of a National Olympic Committee

In August 1994 the Italian Cycling Federation (FCI) initially decided to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on a cyclist following the guidelines of the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI).
The cyclist appealed the decision and the sanction was reduced to a 3 month period of ineligibility.

The International Cycling Union (UCI) asserted that under the 1994 UCI Rules an anti-doping violation for using caffeine can only be sanctioned by a 3 month suspension.

In this matter the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) received in October 1994 the requests from UCI and CONI to render an advisory opinion about 4 questions.

The two questions of the UCI:

1.) Who is competent to regulate the anti-doping control: the international federation on the one hand or the National Olympic Committee (NOC) or another national sports body on the other?

2.) If the rule of the international federation conflicts with a rule issued or imposed by an NOC or national sports body, which of the two rules would prevail?

The two questions of CONI:

3.) Given that Italian federations are bound by Italian law to follow CONI anti-doping rules, and CONI is bound by Italian law to follow IOC anti-doping rules, what should CONI do if an Italian federation is part of an International federation whose anti-doping rules differ from those of the IOC.?

4.) Given that IOC anti-doping rules may change from time to time, in case a substance is moved from those sanctioned with a heavier penalty to those sanctioned with a lighter penalty, should the lighter penalty automatically apply when it enters into force also to previously sanctioned athletes?

On 5 January 1995 the CAS Panel rules:

1.) The UCI, the NOC or the national sports body are authorized to regulate doping. In this case it concerned a national competition under national Rules. In international competitions the UCI is authorized as International Federation and NOC and any other national sports body are subsidiair.

2.) In the case of an conflict, the Anti-Doping Rules of an International Federation prevail over the rules of an NOC or any other national sports body.

3.) CONI is legally bound to follow the IOC Anti-Doping Rules and to impose these on the Italian Federations.

4.) New IOC provisions are not applied automatically, except when the sports body has a clause in their statutes or regulations that such provisions are applied at once. In the situation that the IOC provision is applied automatically, the new provisions must also be applied to cases that occurred before these provisions came into force, if it lead to a more favourable result for the sanctioned athlete in anti-doping cases.

Shields EW Jr.
Adolescence. 1995 Winter;30(120):839-61.
Department of Physical Education, Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-8605, USA.

Through observations and perceptions of athletic directors/coaches, this study (1) broadly examined substance abuse of adolescent (high school) student-athletes; (2) made comparisons of substance abuse between student-athletes and students comprising the general student body; and (3) made selected comparisons of substance abuse between the regional data of this study and that of a national survey of high school coaches done by George H. Gallup International Institute (1991). Some comparisons were also made with the findings of a survey of drug use patterns among a sample of 10,883 public school students conducted by the Alcohol and Drug Defense (ADD) Section, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction (1991; 1989; 1987a, 1987b) and a survey of drug use patterns among 2,685 high school student-athletes (Shields, 1988).

The drug abuse problem for student-athletes was observed-perceived to be of lesser magnitude regionally than nationally and to be less for student-athletes with their peers in the general student body. In virtually every comparison of student-athletes with their peers in the general student body, the drug problem was seen to be less for student-athletes, and in some instances, dramatically less.

PMID:
8588520
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Laure P, Reinsberger H.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1995 Sep;35(3):228-31.
Centre de Pharmacologie Sociale, Saint Max, France.

The purpose of this study is the representation of doping in high-level endurance walkers, based on a sample survey by questionnaire.

The analysis of data shows that for walkers, doping seems only to be considered through its potential benefits. Increasing performance, wish to win and money are the three principal motives to use it, especially anabolic steroids and amphetamines. They think that analgesic injections should not be considered as doping. Thus, they are agreeing with drug testing but not with definition of doping in sport. In their circle, 41% of all subjects have heard of endurance walkers using ergogenic drugs.

The need for better drug education is expressed by these results.

PMID:
8775652
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect on sports drug tests of ingesting meat from steroid (methenolone)-treated livestock / A.T. Kicman, D.A. Cowan, L. Myhre, S. Nilsson, S. Tomten, H. Oftebro. - (Clincal Chemistry 40 (1994) 11 Pt 1 (November); p. 2084-2087) 

• PMID: 7955383

Abstract

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are widely misused in human sports and are also used as growth promoters in livestock. Athletes who consume meat containing such hormone residues may risk failing a sports drug test. Prompted by an athlete's defence case, we questioned whether the consumption of small livestock given doses of anabolic steroid, orally or intramuscularly, could generate positive results in samples tested by our analytical procedures. We analyzed urine from eight men who consumed chickens that had been either fed with methenolone acetate (1 mg/day) from day 0 to 21 or injected with methenolone heptanoate depot (1 mg/intramuscular injection) on days 0, 7, and 14 and slaughtered on day 22. No methenolone or characteristic major metabolite was detected in samples from subjects who ate meat from the orally dosed chickens. However, 50% of the samples collected 24 h after consumption of the intramuscularly dosed chickens were confirmed positive. Hence, eating meat containing small amounts of injected hormone may constitute a serious liability to the athlete.