AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1993-94 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abbreviations and acronyms vii
Executive summary ix

Chapter One: Introduction
Mission 1
Corporate priorities 1
Organisational structure 5
Publications and presentations 6
Social justice 7
Internal and external scrutiny 7

Chapter Two: Testing, research and policy
Objectives, functions and resources 9
Summary of 1993-94 testing activities 9
Public interest testing 10
Contract testing 11
Register of Notifiable Events 15
Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Sports Drug Agency and the Australian Government Analytical Laboratories 18
Research 18
Policy advice 22
International Court of Arbitration for Sport 24
Special interest groups 25
Legislation 28
Special operational issues 31

Chapter 3: Education
Objectives, functions and resources 33
School-based education programs 34
Sport-based education programs 35
Information services 38

Chapter 4: Executive
Objectives, functions and resources 43
Planning 43
Evaluation 44
Research 46
National activities 49
Finance 50
Human resource management 52
Social justice 55
Administrative services 58
Public relations 60

Chapter 5: International
Objectives, functions and resources 63
Fourth permanent world conference on anti-doping in sport 64
International anti-doping agreements 65
Council of Europe anti-doping convention 66
Working with international sporting organisations 67
international visitors 70
Reciprocal exchange with China 71
International Olympic Charter against doping in sport education annex 71
Sydney 2000 Olympic Games 72
Asia export task force 72
World Health Organisation program on substance abuse 72

Chapter 6: Financial statements 73

Appendices
1 Objects, functions and powers of the Australian Sports Drug Agency as specified in the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 90
2 Powers of the minister under the Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990 92
3 Presentations and Publications by ASDA staff 94
4 Summary of ASDA's international testing activities 99
5 Dope control laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee 100
6 International Olympic Committee Medical Commission list of doping classes and methods 103
7 ASDA testing for period 1 July 1993 to 30 June 1994 96
8 Summary of Entries on Register of Notifiable Events, 1993-94 113
9 1993-94 Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Government Analytical Laboratories and the Australian Sports Drug Agency 115
10 Educational resource material distribution, 1993-94 125
11 State Coordinators of the School Development in Health Education Project 125
12 Sports Drug Education Unit steering groups 128
13 Portfolio evaluation steering committee 129
14 Conference statement, the 4th Permanent World Conference on Anti-Doping in Sport, September 5-8, 1993, London, United Kingdom 130
15 Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention, Strasbourg, November 16, 1989 132

Compliance index 143

Index 144

Tables
1.1 Financial and staffing resources summary 7
1.2 Expenditure by program 8
2.1 Summary of entries on Register Of Notifiable Events by doping class and sport 16
3.1 Drugs in Sport Hotline-summary 41
4.1 Total number of employees at June 30, 1994 54
4.2 Summary of the Training Guarantee Scheme 55
4.3 Categories of eligible training expenditure 55

Figures
1.1 The relationship between the mission, corporate priorities and program structure of the Australian Sports Drug Agency 2
1.2 Organisation of the Australian Sports Drug Agency 5

1994 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – Paris : International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1994

Including substance name correction dehydrotestosterone page 9.

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE MEDICAL COMMISSION DEFINITION OF DOPING AND LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

This list was approved on 5 September 1994 in Paris by the IOC Medical Commission and approved on 25 January 1995 in Lausanne by the IOC.

I. DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Agents
D. Diuretics
E. Peptide and glycoprotein hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids
E. Beta-blockers

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

Avis consultatif TAS 93/109 Fédération Française de Triathlon (FFTri) et International Triathlon Union (ITU)

• Anti-Doping Rules
• Application of the anti-doping rules of an IF by a national federation
• Right of a national federation to adapt the minimum sanction under the IF rules (suspended sanction instead of a firm suspension) provided that such a decision is specifically motivated

On 29 January 1993 and on 19 April 1993 the French Triathlon Federation, Fédération Française de Triathlon (FFTri), decided to impose a 1 year suspended sanction on two athletes for committing an anti-doping rule violation.
The International Triathlon Union (ITU) reproached these sanctions due to under the Rules the FFTri had to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the athletes.

After deliberations between the parties this matter was transferred in July 2004 to the Court of Aribitration for Sport (CAS) to render an opinion about two questions:

1.) Does FFTri have the right to opt out of the obligations imposed by its membership in the International Federation by virtue of a ruling by the French Sports Ministery?

2.) Are the provisions of the ITU Rules compatible with the general principles as the autonomy of the judge, the absence of application of fixed sanctions, the proportionality of sanctions according to the facts, in consideration of the athlete's personality and, in any event, with the Anti-Doping Convention of Strasbourg?

The ITU argued that the ITU Anti-Doping Rules are conform the recommendations of the International Olympic Committee and are without provisions to impose a suspended sanction on athletes.
The FFTri argued that the sanctions were imposed according to French law, International law and Human Rights.

The CAS Panel ruled about these two questions on 31 August 1994:

1.) The ITU Anti-Doping Rules don’t prohibit a national triathlon federation in cases with prohibited substances to adapt the minimum sanction available in their Rules and considering the circumstances in each case.
French law doesn’t compel at all a national federation to impose a suspended sanction due to this is an exceptional measure which must be specifically motivated.
A decision from a national federation to impose a suspended sanction in the case of a first violation, in special circumstances and specifically motivated, is not inconsistent with the ITU Anti-Doping Rules.

2.) The ITU Anti-Doping Rules are not incompatible with the general principles of law and in particular are in accordance with the Council of Europe Anti-Doping Convention, signed on 16 November 1989 in Strasbourg.

Recommendation & Explanatory Memorandum on Measures to Restrict the Availability of Anabolic Steroids / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1994

• Council of Europe Recommendation (94) 2 ; 14-16 June 1994)
• Consolidated text of two CoE documents:
  • 1.) Recommendation on Measures to restrict the availability of Anabolic Steroids (94/2)
  • 2.) Explanatory Memorandum to Recommendation (94/2)

Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. A controlled study of 160 athletes / Harrison G. Pope Jr, David L. Katz. - (Archives of general psychiatry 51 (1994) 5 (May); p. 375-382)

• PMID: 8179461
• DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950050035004

Abstract

Background: We sought to expand on preliminary findings suggesting that anabolic-androgenic steroids produce psychiatric effects in some athletes who use them.

Methods: We compared 88 athletes who were using steroids with 68 nonusers, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R to diagnose psychiatric syndromes occurring in association with steroid use (if applicable) and in the absence of steroid use. Demographic, medical, and laboratory measures were also performed.

Results: Steroid users displayed more frequent gynecomastia, decreased mean testicular length, and higher cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein ratios than nonusers. Most strikingly, 23% of steroid users reported major mood syndromes--mania, hypomania, or major depression--in association with steroid use. Steroid users displayed mood disorders during steroid exposure significantly more frequently than in the absence of steroid exposure (P < .001) and significantly more frequently than nonusers (P < .01). Users rarely abused other drugs simultaneously with steroids.

Conclusion: Major mood disturbances associated with anabolic-androgenic steroids may represent an important public health problem for athletes using steroids and sometimes for the victims of their irritability and aggression.

Anabolic steroids--the drugs that give and take away manhood. A case with an unusual physical sign / A. Stanley, M. Ward

• Medicine, Science and the Law 34 (1994) 1 (1 Januay); p. 82-83
• PMID: 8159080
• DOI: 10.1177/002580249403400115

Abstract

A case is presented in which the abuse of anabolic steroids by a body builder led to an unusual physical sign. The case discusses the effects that anabolic steroid abuse can have upon manhood. The frequency of anabolic steroid misuse is increasing. The implications of this with respect to psychiatric illness and violent crime are discussed. It is well known that the use of anabolic steroids among young men, body builders in particular, is growing apace (Perry and Littlepage, 1992), and they may be aware of the risks of impurity and contamination. There is a wide range of anabolic steroids in use; they are often used in doses of greater than 1 mg/kg per day. As well as single use, the misuser may 'stack' (use more than one at a time) or 'pyramid' (use increasing doses of a given drug) the steroids (Kennedy, 1990). The physical and psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids are well known (Kashkin and Kleber, 1989; Brower, 1992; Pope and Katz, 1988). However, we describe a case with psychiatric symptoms, a violent outburst and a unique (?) physical sign.

Anabolic Steriod and Human Growth Hormone Abuse : Creating an Effective and Equitable Ergogenic Drug Policy / George Fan. - University of Chicago Legal Forum (1994) 1, article 19; p. 439-470)

The goal of this Comment is threefold. First, it shows that
HGH and steroids are so similar in terms of their limited clinical uses, the number and demographics of abusers, and the side
effects associated with abuse that any difference in penalties is
unjustified. Second, the Comment compares the side effects and
medical uses of HGH with other drugs in Schedule III of the CSA
and concludes that HGH should be classified as a Schedule III
drug. Finally, this Comment explores alternative avenues of
deterrence, including education and social sanctions.

Psychological characteristics of adolescent steroid users / K.F. Burnett, M.E. Kleiman. - (Adolescence 29 (1994) 113; p. 81-89)

• PMID: 8036984

Abstract

The Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Profile of Mood States were used to assess a broad range of psychological characteristics in 24 adolescent athletes who reported steroid use. In addition, a steroid knowledge questionnaire was administered and an evaluation of physical symptoms of steroid use was conducted. Corresponding data were obtained from 24 adolescent athletes who did not use steroids, and 24 nonathletic adolescents. Although some personality variables differentiated between athletes and nonathletes, no personality variables significantly differentiated between athletes who used steroids and athletes who did not use steroids. Steroid users, however, had significantly higher levels of muscular density and hardness, bloating, gynecomastia, and acne than did athletes who did not use steroids; steroid users who were currently on a steroid use cycle had significantly more depression, anger, vigor, and total mood disturbance than those who were not on a cycle. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to develop our understanding of psychological issues related to adolescent steroid use.

The Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the Profile of Mood States were used to assess a broad range of psychological characteristics in 24 adolescent athletes who reported steroid use. In addition, a steroid knowledge questionnaire was administered and an evaluation of physical symptoms of steroid use was conducted.

Corresponding data were obtained from 24 adolescent athletes who did not use steroids, and 24 nonathletic adolescents.
Although some personality variables differentiated between athletes and nonathletes, no personality variables significantly differentiated between athletes who used steroids and athletes who did not use steroids. Steroid users, however, had significantly higher levels of muscular density and hardness, bloating, gynecomastia, and acne than did athletes who did not use steroids; steroid users who were currently on a steroid use cycle had significantly more depression, anger, vigor, and total mood disturbance than those who were not on a cycle.

Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use in men / K.J. Brower, F.C. Blow, E.M Hill. - (Journal of Psychiatric Research 28 (1994) 4 (July-August); p. 369-380)

• PMID: 7877116
• DOI: 10.1016/0022-3956(94)90019-1

Abstract

The illicit use of anabolic steroids to enhance athletic performance and physical appearance can cause numerous psychiatric and other adverse effects. In order to prevent steroid use and its negative consequences, knowledge of risk factors is needed. We conducted an anonymous survey of 404 male weight lifters from community gymnasiums who completed a 20-min, self-administered questionnaire. The sample for this study included all 35 men who were thinking about using steroids ("high-risk" nonusers), 50 randomly selected nonusers who were not thinking about using steroids ("low-risk" nonusers) and all 49 steroid users. The three groups differed in age, training characteristics, other performance-enhancers tried, body image, acquaintance with steroid users, and perception of negative consequences. When groups were compared along a continuum from low risk to high risk and from high risk to actual use, we found increasing amounts of competitive bodybuilding, performance-enhancers tried, and steroid-using acquaintances. Groups did not differ in their use of addictive substances. Nearly three-fourths of the high-risk group felt "not big enough," compared to 21% of the low-risk group and 38% of the steroid users (p < .001). These data suggest that steroids do work to increase satisfaction with body size, and that dissatisfaction with body size may contribute to the risk of using steroids.

Chad Starkey, Thomas E. Abdenour, David Finnane
Journal of Athletic Training Volume 29 * Number 2 * 1994
Department of Physical Therapy at Northeastern University
in Boston, MA 02115.

Since the inception of NCAA-mandated drug screening in 1986, college athletic trainers have found themselves involved at various
levels in institutional drug-screening programs. Several legal, moral, and ethical questions have been raised regarding the drug screening of college athletes, and studies have been conducted to rate athletes' attitudes toward this practice. We examined the responses of certified athletic trainers employed in college settings
to ascertain their attitudes toward the drug screening ofathletes in general, and, specifically, how they view their role in this process.

Surveys were distributed to 500 college athletic trainers randomly selectedfrom the membership database maintained by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc (Dallas, TX).

The results of this survey indicate that the majority of athletic trainers feel that their association with the drug-screening process places them in the dual role of police and counselor, but that this relationship does not negatively affect their rapport with their athletes. Opinions regarding the drug-screening process and the importance of education in deterring drug use are somewhat dependent upon the athletic trainer's involvement in the drug-screening process. Athletic trainers possess a stronger desire to serve as resource persons who organize substance abuse education programs ratherthan serving as administrators of the sampling process.