Drug testing effectiveness in identifying and preventing drug use / R.H. Coombs, F.J. Rya. - (American Journal of Drug and Alcohol 16 (1990) 3-4; p. 173-84)

• PMID: 2288319
• DOI: 10.3109/00952999009001582

Abstract

The effectiveness of drug testing in identifying and preventing drug use was assessed by a study of intercollegiate athletes required to participate in a urine testing program. Five hundred athletes who underwent testing were contrasted with a comparison group of 124 athletes not tested. Results show that some drug-using athletes avoided detection. Although many reduced their drug usage, some continued in the same pattern as before; a few actually increased drug usage.

Explanatory Report to the Anti-Doping Convention / Council of Europe (CoE). - Strasbourg : CoE, 1989

• European Treaty Series; ETS No. 135

Contents:

• Introduction
• Background
• The Convention
• a. Reasons for preparing a convention
• b. Main featres of the Convention
• c. Text of the Convention
• Articles 1-19
• Notes on the Appendix to the Convention (as approved on 19 September 1989)
• Explanations

Anti-Doping Convention / Council of Europe (CoE). - Strasbourg : CoE, 1989

• European Treaty Series; ETS No. 135
  
  

The Convention was open for signature on 16th November 1989 and entered into force on 1 March 1990. To this day it has been ratified by 52 states and is open to non-Member States of the Council of Europe. It has been adopted by Australia, Belarus, Canada, and Tunisia. The Convention does not claim to create a uniform model of anti-doping, but sets a certain number of common standards and regulations requiring Parties to adopt legislative, financial, technical, educational and other measures.

The main objective of the Convention is to promote the national and international harmonisation of the measures to be taken against doping. In their constitutional provisions, each contracting party undertakes to:
- create a national co-coordinating body;
- reduce the trafficking of doping substances and the use of banned doping agents;
- reinforce doping controls and improve detection techniques;
- support education and awareness-raising programmes;
- guarantee the efficiency of sanctions taken against offenders;
- collaborate with sports organisations at all levels, including at international level; and
- to use accredited anti-doping laboratories

Furthermore the Convention describes the mission of the Monitoring Group set up in order to monitor its implementation and periodically re-examine the List of prohibited substances and methods which can be found in annex to the main text.

An Additional Protocol to the Convention entered into force on 1st April 2004 with the aim of ensuring the mutual recognition of anti-doping controls and of reinforcing the implementation of the Convention using a binding control system.

Resolution on Doping in Sport and the Draft Anti-Doping Convention / European Ministers of Sport. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1989

• Council of Europe Resolution (89) 1; Reykjavik, 30 May - 1 June 1989

Prolonged occurrence of cocaine in human saliva and urine after chronic use / Edward J. Cone, William W. Weddington, Jr.

• Journal of Analytical Toxicology 13 (1989) 2 (March-April), p. 65-68
• PMID: 2733393
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/13.2.65

Abstract

Cocaine was detected by immunoassay in saliva and urine of chronic cocaine addicts for 5-10 days during abstinence. Confirmation by a less sensitive but highly specific GC/MS assay of unmetabolized cocaine was successful in saliva through the first 24 h of collection and for the initial 4-5 days in urine. Cocaine saliva concentrations and subject scores for cocaine craving and depression declined during this time and correlated significantly. The presence of unmetabolized cocaine in these biofluids long after the last drug administration suggests that multiple dosing and high exposure to cocaine in man leads to accumulation in deep body compartments and subsequent slow release back into circulation and eventual excretion. The prolonged presence of cocaine in saliva and urine may have implications in testing for cocaine use and in treatment of cocaine withdrawal.

Anabolic steroids and the athlete : a case study / Edward Oklobdzija, David Weyrauch. - (Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 33 (1989) 1 (March); p. 27-33)
- PMCID: PMC2484526

Abstract

This paper examines the pharmacokinetic activities of anabolic steroids and their potential deleterious effects. A review of literature reveals the most significant pathological sequelae resulting from anabolic use to be peliosis hepatis and liver cell carcinoma. These ill effects have been more closely associated with those steroids whose chemical structures are specifically alkylated at the 17th carbon in the Alpha position as opposed to their Beta esterified counterparts. Testing of these drugs was attempted by way of a single case study. A 23 yr old male bodybuilder was subject to both oral and parenteral forms of steroid over a six week period of his training program. Serum, urinalysis and subjective parameters were monitored before during and after steroid administration. The results show elevated levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, CPK, AST, ALT and LDH. In this case study, the elevated parameters appear to be more a function of muscle breakdown induced by a combination of severe exercise and intramuscular injection than a measure of organ (liver) pathology.

1989 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1989

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

Doping Control of Athletes / E.G. de Jong. R.A.A. Maes, J.M. van Rossum. - (TrAC. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 7 (1988) 10 (November-December); p. 375-382)

Why do doping control labs need a tandem mass spectrometer? / E.G. de Jong, R.A. Maes, J.M. van Rossum. - (Biomedical & Environmental Mass Spectrometry 16 (1988) 1-12 (October); p. 75-80)

• PMID: 3242711
• DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200160115

Abstract

The International Olympic Committee requires a confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for all positive doping cases. Because of the severe consequences involved they should be more specific about the required information and determine the differences allowed. The use of tandem mass spectrometry in dope control should be required before the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992. This article shows the power of tandem mass spectrometry in the definite identification of a drug.

The problems of oral contraceptives in dope control of anabolic steroids / Douwe de Boer, E. de Jong, R.A. Maes, J.M. van Rossum. - (Biomedical & Environmental Mass Spectrometry 17 (1988) 2 (August); p. 127-128)

• PMID: 3191251
• DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200170209

Abstract

Caution should be practiced with oral contraceptives in dope control of anabolic steroids. Research in the Netherlands has shown that there are problems in the area of dope control of anabolic steroids: 1) when the oral contraceptive norethisterone is introduced, it changes within the body to a small amount of 19-norandrosterone, the primary metabolite of the anabolic steroid 19-nortetosterone. As a result, this transformation makes it hard to detect the origin of 19-norandrosterone. The derivatives of the main metabolite of norethisterone and methenolone have similar retention times and mass fragments, making screening difficult. The main metabolite of norethisterone also interferes with methenolone, another anabolic steroid. However, the latter problem is a solvable one. The derivatisation process used to confirm the use of methenolone is described. More testing of urine samples after sporting events will be presented in a successive report. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry process for detecting and confirming metabolites is recommended by the Medical Commission of the International Committee.