Facts
The French Rugby Federation (Fédération Française de Rugby, FFR) charges respondent M126 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. Respondent didn't provide his whereabout data for undergoing a out of competition doping control.

History
The respondent admits that he hadn't taken his obligations as part of the designated testing group too serious.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of four months, in which the respondent can't take part in competition or sports manifestations organized or authorized by the FFR.
2. The period of ineligibility will be reduced by the period already served by the decision of August 17, 2011, by the disciplinary committee of the FFR.
3. The decision (three months period of ineligibility) of August 17, 2011, by the disciplinary committee of the FFR should be modified.
4. The decision will start on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Related case:
CAS 2014_A_3604 Ralfs Freibergs vs IOC
December 17, 2014

Mr. Ralfs Freibergs is a Latvian Athlete competing in the Latvian Men’s Ice Hockey Team at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

On 22 February 2014 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone. After notification by the IOC the Athlete waived his right to be heard for the IOC Disciplinary Commission and filed a statement in his defence.

The Latvian Ice Hockey Federation submitted that all athletes for the Latvian Olympic Team had been tested, in particular all 33 ice hockey players. All samples, including a sample from the Athlete collected on 3 February 2014, were analysed at the WADA accredited laboratory in Helsinki and did not give rise to an adverse analytical finding.
With respect to the negative finding of the Helsinki WADA Accredited laboratory, an e-mail from a representative of that laboratory explains that the method and the reference material necessary to target the metabolite “18-nor-17b-hydroxymethyl-17a-methyl-4-chloro-5bandrost-13-en-3a-ol” is quite recent and not yet available to all laboratories.
Also the Athlete’s university in the United States submitted that the Athlete was tested after his return from Sochi without an adverse analytical finding.

At the hearing the Athlete’s representative argued about the test results from the laboratory in Helsinki before and the laboratory in the United States after the Sochi Olympic Games; the validity of the accreditation the Sochi laboratory; the notification to the Athlete in relation to the B sample opening and analysis; and alleged deviations from the ISL.
The IOC Disciplinary Commission rebuted and dismissed these arguments and unanimously held that the results of the analysis of the Athlete's Samples collected on 20 February 2014 are valid.
As a consequence, the IOC Disciplinary Commission unanimously concluded that the Athlete had committed an anti-doping rule violation pursuant to Article 2.1 of the World Anti-Doping Code,) and Articles 2 and 12 of the Rules, in that there was the presence of the prohibited substance 18-nor-17b-hydroxymethyl-17a-methyl-4-chloro-5b-androst-13-en-3a-ol in the Athlete's body, metabolite of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone.

Therefore IOC Disciplinary Commission decides:
1.) The Athlete, Mr Ralfs Freibergs, is disqualified from the Men’s Play-offs Quarterfinals – Canada vs Latvia match.
2.) The Athlete is considered as excluded from the XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi in 2014.
3.) The Athlete’s diploma (for placing 8th) is withdrawn.
4.) The International Ice Hockey Federation is hereby requested to make appropriate mention of the above in the record of the sports results, and to consider whether it should take any further action within its competence.
5.) The Latvian Olympic Committee is hereby requested to return to the IOC, as soon as possible, the diploma awarded to the athlete in relation to the above-mentioned event.
6.) This decision shall enter into force immediately.

Facts
The French Handball Federation (Fédération Française de Handball, FFHB) charges respondent M125 or a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on March 26, 2011, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis above the threshold value. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. Cannabis is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent had used the prohibited substance during her vacation in a recreational setting. There was no intention to enhance performance.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of four months in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestation organized or authorized by the FFHB.
2. The period of ineligibility will be reduced by the period already served under the sanction, dated August 11, 2011, of the disciplinary committee of the FFHB (3 months period of ineligibility).
3. The decision of August 11, 2011, should by modified.
4. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Football Federation (Fédération Française de Football, FFF) charges respondent M124 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on April 30, 2011, the respondent refused to attend a doping control.

History
The disciplinary committee of the FFF acquitted the respondent in her decision on July 7, 2011. He didn't attend the doping control because he was dehydrated and couldn't produce an urine sample. The DCO had agreed that he could leave the doping control area without giving a warning about the consequences.

Decision
1. The respondent is acquitted.
2. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Mr. Daniel Zalewski is a Polish Athlete competing in the four men Bobsleigh event at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

On 24 February 2014 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance N-ethyl-1-phenylbutan-2-amine (an analogue of metamfetamine). After notification the Athlete was provisional suspended. The Athlete filed a statement in his defence and waived his right to attend the hearing of the IOC Disciplinary Commission.

The Athlete submitted he was careful with using supplementents and researched the ingredients before using and he declared these supplements on the Doping Control Form. In addition to the Sochi Olympic Winter Games the Athlete used a nutrient called “Craze”, manufactured by “Driven Sport”, which he did not declare on the Doping Control Form.

The Commission notes that an internet search shows reports that the Supplement “Craze” was contaminated and actually discontinued by the manufacturer. The Athlete accepted the risk that such supplement be contaminated with prohibited substances.

Therefore the IOC Disciplinary Commission decides:
1.) The Athlete, Mr Daniel Zalewski, Poland, Bobsleigh, is disqualified from the four men Bobsleigh event, where he placed 27th.
2.) The Four men Bobsleigh Team, composed of Dawid Kupczyk, Daniel Zalewski, Michal Kasperowicz and Pawel Mroz, is disqualified from the four men Bobsleigh event, where it placed 27th.
3.) The International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation is requested to modify the results of the above-mentioned event accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence.
4.) This decision shall enter into force immediately.

Mr. Johannes Duerr is an Austrian Athlete participating in the Men’s 15km + 15km Skiathlon event at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

On 22 February 2014 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO).
After notification the Athlete was provisional suspendended. The Athlete waived his right to attend the hearing of the IOC Disciplinary Commission nor did he file a statement in his defence. In Addition the Athlete made statements in the press in which he admitted the use of erythropoetin prior to the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

Based on the above, the Disciplinary Commission unanimously concluded that the Athlete had committed an anti-doping rule violation pursuant to Article 2.1 of the World Anti-Doping Code, (hereafter the “Code”) and Articles 2 and 12 of the Rules, in that there was the presence of the prohibited substance, EPO, in his body. As a consequence, the Disciplinary Commission considers that the Athlete should be disqualified from all events at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

Therefore the IOC Disciplinary Commission decides that the Athlete Mr Johannes Duerr:
1.) is disqualified from the Men’s 15km + 15km Skiathlon event where he placed 8th;
2.) shall have his diploma in the above-mentioned event withdrawn;
3.) is excluded from the XXII Olympic Winter Games in Sochi in 2014;
4.) The Austrian Olympic Committee is ordered to return to the IOC, as soon as possible, the diploma awarded to the Athlete;
5.) The International Ski Federation is requested to modify the results of the above-mentioned event accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence;
6.) The IOC administration is requested to reallocate the diploma withdrawn from the athlete in accordance with the new ranking provided by the International Ski Federation; and
7.) This decision shall enter into force immediately.

Mr. Nicklas is a Swedisch Athlete competing in the Swedish Men’s Ice Hockey Team at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

On 23 February 2014 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance pseudoephedrine (PSE). After notification the Athlete was provisional suspendended and heard for the IOC Disciplinary Commission.

The Athlete stated he used the medication Zyrtec-D for the past seven years against allergies on the recommendation of a doctor and without this having given rise to an adverse analytical finding in the past.
The Athlete knew it contained PSE and therefore informed his team doctor and declared the medication on the Doping Control Form. The Athlete was not aware of the recommendation of WADA regarding medication containing PSE, i.e. to stop taking such medication at least 24 hours before competition.

At the hearing the Athlete’s team doctor Dr. Bjorn Waldeback stated that he was aware of the WADA recommendation regarding medication containing PSE; and the Athlete had indeed consulted him about using the medication and that the Doctor had given his consent. The Doctor stated that he was at fault for advising the athlete that the medication would not result in a positive test result and acknowledged that this may have been a mistake.

The IOC Disciplinary Commission unanimously concluded that the Athlete had committed an anti-doping rule violation pursuant to Article 2.1 the World Anti-Doping Code and Articles 2 and 12 of the Rules, in that there was the presence in his body of the prohibited substance, pseudoephedrine, in excess of the applicable decision limit of 170 μg/mL.

After careful examination, the IOC Disciplinary Commission finds that the Athlete should not be disqualified from, or rendered ineligible in respect of, the Sochi Olympic Winter Games. As a consequence, the Athlete is entitled to receive the silver medal and diploma awarded in respect of the men’s ice hockey event.

The IOC Disciplinary Commission notes that the above outcome is based on the very specific facts of this case and should in no way be considered as either detracting from the personal duty of athletes to ensure that no prohibited substance enters their system or minimizing the consequences of any failure to meet that duty.

The Commission finds that the team doctor Dr. Bjorn Waldeback made a serious error by advising the Athlete that his use of Zyrtec-D would not give rise to an adverse analytical finding. In the event that Dr. Bjorn Waldeback applies for an accreditation to a future edition of the Olympic Games, the IOC Disciplinary Commission strongly recommends that the IOC should seriously consider Dr. Waldeback’s role in the Athlete’s anti-doping rule violation when assessing whether to grant such an accreditation.

Therefore the IOC Disciplinary Commission decides:
1.) The Athlete, Mr Nicklas (Lars) Backstromhas committed an anti-doping rule viola-tion during the Sochi Olympic Winter Games.
2.) The International Olympic Committee shall not impose any further sanction or measure on the Athlete in respect of such anti-doping rule violation in connection with the Sochi Olympic Winter Games
3.) The International Ice Hockey Federation is requested to consider any further action within its own competence.
4.) This decision shall enter into force immediately.

Medicine and science in the fight against doping in sport / D.H. Catlin, K.D. Fitch, A. Ljungqvist. – (Journal of Internal Medicine (2008) 264 (Aug) : p. 99-114)

• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01993.x.

Content:

- Introduction

• The IOC medical commission era
• The WADA era

- Detection of doping substances and methods

• Stimulants detection by gas chromatography Anabolic steroid detection by ummunoassay
• Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
• Detection of testosterone and other endogenous steroids
• Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
• Erythropoietins
• Flow cytometry to detect blood doping
• Human growth hormone
• Profiling of blood or urine: longitudinal testing, passports and volunteer programs
• Dietary supplements
• Designer anabolic androgenic steroids
• Rapidly deployed proactive methods

- Doping controls at Olympic games
- Therapeutic use of prohibited substances
- Conclusions

The fight against doping in sports commenced as a result of the death of a Danish cyclist during the Rome Olympic Games in 1960. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) established a Medical Commission (IOC-MC) which had the task of designing a strategy to combat the misuse of drugs in Olympic Sport. Some International Sport Federations (IF) and National Sports Federations followed suit, but progress was modest until the world's best male sprinter was found doped with anabolic steroids at the Olympic Games in Seoul in 1988. Further progress was made following the cessation of the cold war in 1989 and in 1999 public authorities around the world joined the Olympic Movement in a unique partnership by creating WADA, the 'World Anti-Doping Agency'. The troubled history of the anti-doping fight from the 1960s until today is reviewed. In particular, the development of detection methods for an ever increasing number of drugs that can be used to dope is described, as are the measures that have been taken to protect the health of the athletes, including those who may need banned substances for medical reasons.

Related cases:
CAS 2014_A_3549 Putera Guntur Pratama vs FINA
September 2, 2014
FINA 2014 FINA vs Gunawan Indra
March 1, 2014
CAS 2014_A_3548 Indra Gunawan vs FINA
September 2, 2014

In July 2013 the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Indonesian Swimmer Putera Guntur Pratama after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine.
After hearing the Swimmer the OCA Disciplinary Commission decided on 13 July 2013 to disqualify the Swimmer from the 4th Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games 2013, to nullify the results and all attained medals and to withdraw any other prizer or cerfticates.

Hereafter the Disciplinary Commission of the Anti-Doping Agency of Indonesia (LADI) decided to impose a 3 month period of ineligibility on the Swimmer, starting on 13 August 2013.
In November 2013 FINA informed the Swimmer of a FINA hearing about the reported anti-doping rule violation. The Swimmer waived his right to attend the hearing of the FINA Doping Panel nor did he file a statement in his defence.

According to the facts in this case, as mentioned in the LADI decision, the FINA Panel concludes that the athlete has established how the Specified Substance entered his body. However, there is no evidence of an absence of intent to enhance sport performance. The athlete did not allege before any of the jurisdictions before which this case was presented any therapeutic or health reasons which would have lead him to use this product. On the basis of lack of evidence to the contrary, the Panel therefore decides that a defence based on FINA Rule DC 10.4 is not applicable in this case.

Therefore the FINA Doping Panel decides:
1.) The Swimmer Mr. Putera Guntur Pratama receives a two years period of ineligibility commencing on 2 July 2013 and ending at the conclusion of 1 July 2015 for his first anti-doping rule violation.
2.) All results obtained by Mr. Putera Guntur Pratama after 2 July 2013 and through the date of this decision are disqualified. Any medals, points and prizes achieved during that period shall be forfeited.
3.) All costs of this case shall be borne by the Indonesian Swimming Federation.
4.) Any appeal against this decision may be referred to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), Lausanne, Switzerland not later than twenty one (21) days after receipt of this judgment.

Related case:
CAS 2014_A_3548 Indra Gunawan vs FINA
September 2, 2014
FINA 2014 FINA vs Putera Guntur Pratama
March 1, 2014
CAS 2014_A_3549 Putera Guntur Pratama vs FINA
September 2, 2014

In July 2013 the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Indonesian Swimmer Hunawan Indra after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance Methylhexaneamine (dimethylpentylamine).
After hearing the Swimmer the OCA Disciplinary Commission decided on 13 July 2013 to disqualify the Swimmer from the 4th Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games 2013, to nullify the results and all attained medals and to withdraw any other prizer or cerfticates.

Hereafter the Disciplinary Commission of the Lembaga Anti Doping Indonesia (LADI), the Indonesian Anti-Doping Agency, decided to impose a 3 month period of ineligibility on the Swimmer, starting on 13 August 2013.
In November 2013 FINA informed the Swimmer of a FINA hearing about the reported anti-doping rule violation. The Swimmer waived his right to attend the hearing of the FINA Doping Panel nor did he file a statement in his defence.

According to the facts in this case, as mentioned in the LADI decision, the FINA Panel concludes that the athlete has established how the Specified Substance entered his body. However, there is no evidence of an absence of intent to enhance sport performance. The athlete did not allege before any of the jurisdictions before which this case was presented any therapeutic or health reasons which would have lead him to use this product.

On the basis of lack of evidence to the contrary, the Panel therefore decides:
1.) The Swimmer Mr. Gunawan lndra receives a two years period of ineligibility commencing on 1 July 2013 and ending at the conclusion of 30 June 2015 for his first anti-doping rule violation.
2.) All results obtained by Mr. Gunawan lndra after 1 July 2013 and through the date of this decision are disqualified. Any medals, points and prizes achieved during that period shall be forfeited.
3.) All costs of this case shall be borne by the Indonesian Swimming Federation.
4.) Any appeal against this decision may be referred to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), Lausanne, Switzerland not later than twenty one (21) days after receipt of this judgment.