The Muscular Ideal - psychological, social, and medical perspectives / J. Kevin Thompson, Guy Cafri. - American Psychological Association, 2007

• ISBN: 9781591477921

The musculair ideal is increasingly becoming the preferred body type for men, adolescent boys, and even some women. Why is this body type the new ideal, and how did it develop? Why are some people driven to achieve heightened muscularity, and how do they do it? What risks to physical and mental health are involved when extreme behaviors are undertaken in the pursuit of the muscular ideal?

This edited book draws on new research to provide an overview of the muscular ideal, including historical and present-day sociological trends, assesment and measurement, and clinical presentation of disorders such as muscle dysmorphia. Chapters also cover related issues as steroid use, repeated cosmetic surgery, and prevention.

The target audience includes sport and health psychologists; and graduate students in psychology, sociology, gender roles, and health and sport science courses.

Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise / Carles E. Yesalis (ed). - 2 Human Kinetics, 2000

• ISBN-13: 978-0880117869
• ISBN-10: 0880117869

This revised and expanded second edition of 'Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise' incorporates the latest research, experience, and insight of 15 experts on the clinical, historical, legal and other aspects of steroid abuse and drug testing. It provides a historical perspective on their use und abuse in exercise and sport; their physical and psychological effects; and issues relating to dependency, testing, intervention, withdrawal, treatment programs, end the legal ramifications of steroids use and abuse.

"Anabolics" is a reference manual of drug compounds used to enhance body composition, strength, and/or athletic performance. This book includes an extensive review of the history, global availability, and application of anabolic/androgenic steroids, as well as related performance-enhancing drugs such as human growth hormone, insuline, anti-estrogens, diuretics, reductase inhibitors, and fat loss agents.
The core focus of "Anabolics" is to provide a nonbiased and comprehensive review of the current science surrounding these drugs, as well as their medical and non-medical use. The effort of this book is to help readers understand the potential risks of these drugs, in addition to their benefits. "Anabolics" is not intended to promote steroid or other drug use, but is designed to help readers, may they be physicians, patients, or illicit users, beter understand these drugs, and make well-informed decisions about them.

Anabolics 10th edition (2011)
William Llewellyn
Publisher - Molecular Nutrition

Former professional football player Claus Lundekvam (Norway) fronts a new initiative to prevent the use of social drug (alcohol, cocaine) substances, which are included on the WADA prohibited list. This video is a collaboration between NISO and Anti-Doping Norway, and is included in the e-learning program Ren Utover (www.renutover.no).

The Dutch Royal Strength Sport Fitness Federation (KNKF) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine (dimethylpentylamine).

After notification the Athlete failed to attend the hearing of the KNKF Disciplinary Committee, nor did he file a statement in his defence.

The Disciplinary Committee concluded that the person is not eligible for a reduction of the standard period of exclusion due to the fact that a particular substance is found or because of the lack of (significant extent) fault or negligence.

Therefore the KNKF Disciplinary Committee decides to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the decision.

The costs associated with the handling of this case are borne by the person charged.

A video promoting drug free sport in South Africa.

The South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport's core focus is to tackle doping in sport in order to ensure a culture of ethics and fair play within South Africa.

Facts
The Royal Netherlands Power Sport and Fitness Federation (Koninklijke Nederlandse Krachtsport en Fitnessfederatie, KNKF) has reported an anti doping rule violation against the athlete. The athlete had provided a sample during a wrestling match for doping control purposes. Analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of nandrolone. Nandrolone is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
After notification a provisional suspension was ordered. The Athlete failed to file a statement in his defence nor did he attend the hearing of the KNKF Disciplinary Committee. The Committee settled the case based on the written submissions.

Without the Athlete's response the Committee deems that he failed to establish how the substance entered his system nor grounds for a reduced sanction.

Therefore the KNKF Disciplinary Committee decides on 18 February 2014 to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete starting on the date of the provisional suspension.
Fees and expenses for this committee shall be borne by the Person.

CAS A2/2006 Australian Weightlifting Federation vs. Jenna Myers

In January 2006 the Australian Weightlifting Federation (AWF) reported an anti-doping rule violation against the weightlifter Jenna Meyers after her A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance Benzylpiperazine.

Following notification - without a provisional suspension - the case was referrred to the Oceania Registry Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).

The Athlete accepted the test results and denied the intentional use of the substance. She argued that she was tested before without issues, she had mentioned the supplements she used on the Doping Control Form and she had properly checked the safety of the products before using.

The Athlete stated that she had used a Fortius Synephrine product in order to reduce her body weight. She was not aware that this product contained the prohibited substance due to Benzylpiperazine was not listed as an ingredient on the lable of the bottle.

This product was recommended by another weightlifter and considered safe to use. Yet, the Athlete was later advised that other weightlifters also had tested positive after using this product.

In January 2006 Fortius Products confirmed that the batch in question used by the athletes was contaminated with Benzylpiperazine. On being asked their manufacturer and supplier of this product failed to provide an explanation about this contamination.

The AWF contended that the Athlete failed to demonstrate that she acted with No (Significant) Fault or Negligence. She failed to read the read the warnings on the website of the Australian Sports Drug Agency (ASDA) nor had checked properly her supplements before using the products.

The Sole Arbitrator finds that the presence of a prohibited substance had been established in the Athlete's samples and accordingly that she committed an anti-doping rule violation.

Undisputed is that the product Fortius Synephrine was the source of the prohibited substance and that the violation was not intentional. Considering the Athlete's conduct the Arbitrator finds that she acted with Significant Fault or Negligence regarding the products she had used.

Therefore The Court of Arbitration for Sport Rules that:

1.) Jenna Myers has breached Article 5.1 of the Anti-Doping Policy of the Australian Weightlifting Federation and has thereby committed an Anti-Doping Rule Violation.

2.) Jenna Myers individual results obtained in the Australian Weightlifting Championships held in Brisbane, Queensland in October 2005 are disqualified; accordingly Jenna Myers forfeits her first placing achieved at that Championship including all medals, points, national records and prizes, pursuant to Article 13.1 of the Anti-Doping Policy of the Australian Weightlifting Federation.

3.) Jenna Myers is ineligible to compete during the period commencing on 3 February 2006 and expiring at midnight on 2 February 2008.

4.) Jenna Myers is required to pay the sum of $1000.00 in respect of costs to the Australian Weightlifting Federation.

An anti-doping music video made by the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission (JADCO).

The Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission (JADCO) works towards fostering a doping-free environment in Jamaica that promotes the ethics and spirit of sports and determines the use of banned doping practices in sport through education, testing, advocacy and co-ordination of the Jamaica Anti-Doping Programme.

CAS A1/2007 Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority vs. Sevdalin Marinov

Related case:

CAS 2007_A_1311 Sevdalin Marinov vs ASADA
September 26, 2007

On 14 November 2003 three packets each containing substances later certified to contain derivatives of prohibited substances were found by two members of the Victoria Police Force on a shelf in a wardrobe in a bedroom occupied by the Bulgarian Coach Sevdalin Marinov from August 2003 until sometime in November 2003.

Previously the Police had intercepted the car belonging to the owner of the house and found illegal drugs in his car. After the police obtained a search warrant to search the house they found great quantities of other illegal substances including the three packets in the bedroom belonging to the Coach.

Three years later in December 2006 the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) reported anti-doping rule violations against the Coach for the possession and trafficking of prohibited substances in November 2003.

Thereupon in February 2007 the case was referred to the CAS Oceania Registry in February 2007 for a first instance decision.

ASADA contended that the Tribunal should be comfortably satisfied that the Coach was in continued occupation of the second bedroom in the house and the contents of the
wardrobe, from about July 2003 until he left for Canada on 12 November 2003, and knew that the three packets were in the wardrobe on the shelf during all or part of that period and
that the packets contained prohibited substances.

The Coach denied the violations and argued that there was no corroborating evidence that he was involved in possession and trafficking of prohibited subsances. He stated that at the material time that the packets were found in the wardrobe he was not longer living in that house whereas he was out of the country and had been out of the country for some time.

Following assessment of the evidence in this case the Sole Arbitrator determines that:

• The Coach was the sole occupier of the bedroom on the
  first floor of the house from sometime in August 2003 until
  sometime after 14 November 2003.
• There were sufficient items of his clothing and personal effects in the bedroom, including photographs of his children, to conclude that he had not moved out.
• The Coach had custody or control of the three packets on 14 November 2003 and since August 2003.
• He occupied the bedroom exclusively from August 2003.
• He had custody or control (possession) of the room and its contents in which the prohibited substances were found.
• There is no evidence that the Coach was involved in supplying, distributing, offering, selling, exchanging or brokering the prohibited substances.
• The Coach committed a doping offence of trafficking by possessing and holding prohibited substances.
• Because this is the Coach his second anti-doping rule violation a lifetime period of ineligibility shall be imposed.

Therefore the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides on 9 June 2007 that:

1.) The respondent has committed a doping offence contrary to clause 3.2(a) of the 2002 Australian Weightlifting Federation Anti-Doping Policy by being knowingly involved in trafficking constituted by his possessing and holding, in November 2003, prohibited substances, namely anabolic and androgenic steroidal agents.

2.) The respondent is, for the period of his life, banned from selection to represent Australia in international competition, from competing in any events and competitions conducted by or under the auspices of the Australian Weightlifting Federation, from receiving direct or indirect funding assistance from the Australian Weightlifting Federation and from holding any position within the Australian Weightlifting Federation.

3.) The period of ineligibility is to commence from 14 November 2003 the date of the offence.

4.) The respondent is to contribute the sum of $7000 towards the applicant’s costs to be paid within 60 days of this Award unless the parties come to an arrangement for payment to be made on terms acceptable to them.

5.) The costs of the arbitration, to be determined by the CAS Court Office and served on the parties in due course, shall be borne by the parties in the following proportions: 50% of the costs by the Appellant and 50% of the costs by the Respondent.

6.) This Award and the annexed Partial Awards be made public.