Muscle Dysmorphia, Self-esteem, and Loneliness among Gay and Bisexual Men / Michael P. Chaney. - (International Journal of Men's Health 7 (2008) 2 (Summer); p. 157-170)

• DOI: 10.3149/jmh.0702.157

Abstract

Although past research indicates gay and bisexual men are more concerned with muscularity than their heterosexual counterparts, studies investigating psychosocial factors contributing to muscle dysmorphia (MD) among gay and bisexual men are limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-esteem, loneliness, and MD among gay and bisexual men. Participants (N = 304) completed the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (MASS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), and UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-version 3). A relationship among self-esteem, loneliness, and MD was found. Gay and bisexual men who reported more symptoms of MD also reported lower self-esteem and increased feelings of loneliness, than men who reported fewer MD symptoms. Psychological and environmental variables associated with gay and bisexual men are explored to help explain these results. Implications for future MD research among other oppressed populations also are discussed.

Muscle dysmorphia : a critical review of the proposed criteria / Bryan Chung. - (Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 44 (2001) 4 (Autumn); p. 565-574)

• PMID: 11600802
• DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2001.0062

Abstract

While body-image related disorders such as anorexia nervosa have focused on thinness, only recently have clinical criteria for a disorder that centers around muscularity--muscle dysmorphia--been proposed. An individual affected by muscle dysmorphia is overly concerned with his or her degree of muscularity. This preoccupation is manifested in the individual's behavior (excessive weight lifting, excessive attention to diet, social impairment). This article examines the historical aspects and proposed criteria for muscle dysmorphia and contrasts them with those of anorexia nervosa. While the authors of the proposed criteria have suggested that muscle dysmorphia be classified as a subcategory of body dysmorphic disorder, both the historical and clinical aspects of this syndrome are more consistent with its classification as an obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Muscle Dysmorphia : An Overview of Clinical Features and Treatment Options / Mitchell L. Cunningham, Scott Griffiths, Deborah Mitchison, Jonathan M. Mond, David Castle, Stuart B. Murray, - (Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 31 (2017) 4; p. 255-271)

• DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.255
• PMID: 32755900

Abstract:

An increasing public and empirical focus on male body image indicates that muscularity is a preeminent concern among boys and men. For some, these concerns develop into a complex and disabling psychiatric disorder termed muscle dysmorphia (MD), the hallmark of which is an intense preoccupation regarding one’s (subjectively) insufficient muscularity. Treatment of MD is critical; however, evidence to inform treatment approaches is sorely lacking. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we provide an overview of the clinical features of MD, drawing particular attention to the preoccupation, functional impairment and psychiatric comorbidity associated with the disorder. Second, we discuss and recommend potential treatment directions for MD, including techniques that have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of related disorders, namely, body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders (and anorexia nervosa in particular). Psychotherapeutic techniques, including cognitive restructuring of deleterious perfectionistic and egosyntonic beliefs, and dialectical behavioral techniques to improve the repertoire of emotion regulation skills available to afflicted individuals, are discussed, in addition to sychopharmacological approaches.

Muscle Dysmorphia : An Overview of Clinical Features and Treatment Options / Mitchell L. Cunningham, Scott Griffiths, Deborah Mitchison, Jonathan M. Mond, David Castle, Stuart B. Murray. - (Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 31 (2017) 4; p. 255-271)

• PMID: 32755900
• DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.255

Abstract

An increasing public and empirical focus on male body image indicates that muscularity is a preeminent concern among boys and men. For some, these concerns develop into a complex and disabling psychiatric disorder termed muscle dysmorphia (MD), the hallmark of which is an intense preoccupation regarding one's (subjectively) insufficient muscularity. Treatment of MD is critical; however, evidence to inform treatment approaches is sorely lacking. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we provide an overview of the clinical features of MD, drawing particular attention to the preoccupation, functional impairment and psychiatric comorbidity associated with the disorder. Second, we discuss and recommend potential treatment directions for MD, including techniques that have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of related disorders, namely, body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders (and anorexia nervosa in particular). Psychotherapeutic techniques, including cognitive restructuring of deleterious perfectionistic and egosyntonic beliefs, and dialectical behavioral techniques to improve the repertoire of emotion regulation skills available to afflicted individuals, are discussed, in addition to psychopharmacological approaches..

Muscle nuclei remember to cheat death / L.M. Schwartz. – (Journal of physiology (2013) 24 (25 December) : p. 6133-6134) doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268243.

Comment on:
A cellular memory mechanism aids overload hypertrophy in muscle long after an episodic exposure to anabolic steroids / Ingrid M. Egner, Jo C. Bruusgaard, Einar Eftestøl, Kristian Gundersen. – (Journal of physiology (2013) 24 (28 October) : p. 6221-6230) doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264457. Epub 2013 Oct 28.

Myocarditis Associated With Anabolic Steroid Abuse : Report of Two Cases / A. Kerroumi, K. Majdoub, Z. Guennoun, N. Doghmi, M. Cherti. - (IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 18 (2019) 6 (June); p. 55-61). - DOI: 10.9790/0853-1806075561

Abstract:

It is obvious that the abuse of anabolic steroids to improve physical performance has been widely implicated in several cardiovascular events, especially myocardial infarction; However, according to the literature, there is currently no report describing myocarditis due to the abuse of anabolic steroids to our knowledge, unless animal experiments or Post mortem autopsy which were carried out at young athletes. We report two cases of young bodybuilders who were complaining about chest pain . They did not have traditional cardiovascular risk factors , however they admitted the intermittent abuse of anabolic steroids. In both instances, electrocardiography, blood chemistry ,Transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging where performed. Our results support the theory of the cause-effect relationship between anabolic steroid abuse and cardiovascular events, especially their direct cardiac toxicity, by demonstrating myocarditis in both patients through cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Mythbusting : There is no steroid "epidemic" / Anders Schmidt Vinther, Ask Vest Christiansen

• ScienceNordic (23 April 2017)

When you watch the news, it is evident that steroid use is a growing public health concern that demands a solution. But when you look at the numbers, there is little evidence to support that claim.

Doping-Bilanz der NADA für den Deutschen Sport 2004 / Nationale Anti Doping Agentur Deutschland (NADA). - Bonn : NADA, 2005

Doping-Bilanz der NADA für den Deutschen Sport 2005 / Nationale Anti Doping Agentur Deutschland (NADA). - Bonn : NADA, 2006

Jahresbericht 2006 der Nationalen Anti Doping Agentur Deutschland (NADA) / Nationale Anti Doping Agentur Deutschland (NADA). - Bonn : NADA, 2007