Pieter A. Cohen American Roulette - Contaminated Dietary
Supplements. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1523-1525, 15 October, 2009.

In August 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) discovered products, most of them labeled as dietary supplements, that contain a wide variety of undeclared active pharmaceutical ingredients. Now, more than 140 contaminated products have been identified, but these represent only a fraction of the contaminated supplements on the market. Unfortunately, lenient regulatory oversight of dietary supplements, combined with the FDA's lack of resources, has created a marketplace in which manufacturers can introduce hazardous new products with virtual impunity. Although manufacturers have since 2007 been required to report serious supplement related adverse events to the FDA, the great majority of the estimated 50,000 adverse events that occur annually remain unreported.

Marion Nestle and Malden Nesheim. Why calories count. From science to politics. University of California Press, 2012.

Calories - too few or too many - are the source of health problems affecting billions of people around the world. Although calories are vital to health and survival, they cannot be seen, smelled or tasted, making them hard to understand. In Why Calories Count, Marion Nestle and Malden Nesheim explain in clear and accessible language what calories are and how they work in food, in the body, in society, and in the world. As they take readers through the issues that are fundamental to our understanding of food and diet, weight gain and loss, Nestle and Nesheim sort through the misinformation put forth by food manufacturers and diet promotors. They lay out the political stakes and show how federal and corporate policies have come together to create an 'eat more' environment. Finally, having given readers the necessary tools to interpret food labels, evaluate diet claims, and understand evidence as presented in popular media, the authors offer some candid advice about coping with today's food environment: Eat less. Eat better. Move more. Get political.

Steven J. Fleck & William J. Kraemer. Designing Resistance Training Programs - third edition. Human Kinetics, 2004.

In this third edition of "Designing Resistance Training Programs", two of the world's leading experts on strength training explore how to use scientific knowledge to develop personalized training programs. The authors cover resistance training; bio-energetics; and muscular, nervous, and cardiovascular systems adaptions. They also discuss basic training systems and program prescriptions designed to enhance strength, power and endurance. The new edition includes three chapters dedicated to resistance training issues and concerns for children, women and seniors. This updated and expanded new edition will be an important tool for coaches, trainers and students who want to improve their knowledge and succes in designing resistance training programs.

Thomas R. Baechle and Roger W. Earle (eds.). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning - third edition, Human Kinetics, 2008.

"Essentials of Strength and Conditioning Training", provides the latest and most comprehensive information on the structure and function of body systems, training adaptations, testing and evaluation, exercise techniques, program design, and organization and administration of facilities. It's accuracy and reliability make it not only the leading preparation resource for the CSCS-exam but also the definitive reference that strength and conditioning professionals and sports medicine specialists depend on to fine-tune their practice. Chapter objectives, key points, key terms, and self-study questions provide a structure to help readers organize and conceptualize the information.

The Dutch Rugby Board (Nederlandse Rugby Bond, NRB) has reported against this person for violating the Anti-Doping Rules of the ISR. In the analysis of the A-part of the urine sample of the person concerned is the substance 4-methyl-2-hexaneamine found. The B-part has confirmed the presence of this substance. Person has filed a defence and the case was orally treated.

Person was not in possession of a valid dispensation. Person has in his defence addressed the manner in which and the caution with which he proceeded to the purchase and use of the supplement that the prohibited substance was found to contain. But this should not benefit because the personal duty of every athlete to make sure that no prohibited substance in his body. Proof of offense is supplied.

Because the prohibited substance found a specific substance, the penalty (exclusion of two years) can be reduced if you meet certain conditions. It is for the Disciplinary Commission how the substance of the body concerned has come in and moreover clear that the substance was not intended to sport performance. There is compliance with the conditions. The degree of guilt of the person concerned is in the opinion of the Disciplinary Committee is greatly reduced by the caution with which the person concerned has proceeded (sought advice from experts in the field of nutrition and food of the NRB and the owner of the shop from where he Supplement was purchased).

Given the reasonable care of the person concerned, the lack of information of the NRB, the special position of the prohibited substance and his young age, eight of the Disciplinary Committee to give a warning, accompanied by a reprimand in place.

The Dutch Royal Strength Sport Fitness Federation (Koninklijke Nederlandse Krachtsport en Fitnessfederatie, KNKF) has reported a anti-doping rule violation against the person after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance cannabis.

After notification a provisional suspension was ordered. The Athlete failed to file a statement in his defence nor did he attend the hearing of the KNKF Disciplinary Committee.

Therefore the KNKF Disciplinary Committee decides to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the person, starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 25 april 2012.
Fees and expenses for this committee shall be borne by person.

The Dutch Rugby Board (NRB) has reported against this person for violating the Anti-Doping Rules of the ISR during a rugby match in competition between RC and RC Hilversum 't Gooi. In the A portion of the urine sample of the person concerned, the substances MDMA, MDA, (a metabolite of MDMA) and 4-methyl-2-hexaneamine found. The NRB is concerned to order provisional measures excluded from all activities within the NRB. Shall be no defence submitted nor indicated it would welcome a hearing. The case is handled in writing.

The substances MDMA and MDA are no specific substances. The substance 4-methyl-2-hexaneamine is a specific substance as indicated by the doping list, corresponding to the Doping Regulations of the ISR. Person has no defence. The Disciplinary Committee concludes that the NRB evidence of violation of the Anti-Doping Rules by the person concerned has made.

The Doping Regulations provides that if a sample several prohibited substances are found, the disciplinary procedure assumes that prohibited substance and / or prohibited method in which the presence of the heaviest disciplinary sanction. A first violation of the Anti-Doping Rules shall be punished with an exclusion for a period of two years, unless it is satisfied that the conditions for the cancellation, reduction or extension of the penalty period. The Disciplinary Committee concludes that the person is not eligible for a reduction of the default period in the absence of (a considerable degree of) fault or negligence and decision to an exclusion for a period of two years. The provisional order measure is deducted from the total period of exclusion. Also to the handling of this case costs are borne by individual charged.

Mol, Annemarie. Moderation or satisfaction? Food ethics and food facts
In: Vandamme, Sofie; van de Vathorst, Suzanne & de Beaufort, Inez: Whose Weight is it Anyway? Essays on Ethics and Eating, Acco Academic Publishers, page 121-312.

The morality incorporated in food advice, especially in food advice meant to prevent obesity, is that eaters should be moderate. What might one say about this, in ethical mode? Is being moderate to be defended on ethical terms, or is calling for moderation moralistic and intrusive and should eaters be liberated from health advisors? In my contribution to the discussion about this nagging question, I will not offer an answer, but argue that it may not be the right question. In doing so, I will draw out the facts incorporated similarly in calls for moderation and in the anti-moralist revolts against them. Why build on these particular facts and not others? There are ever so many facts to do with food and they tend to come with different values attached. The different repertoires that make up nutrition science, have different ways of framing reality and seeking interference. And while moderation (or thrift) is central to one repertoire of fact-values to do with food, satisfaction (following on from pleasure) is central to another. This difference is linked up with different understandings of what a human body is. In calls for ‘moderation’, the human body is cast a greedy beast. To tame this beast, Man’s rational faculties, that is his will and his cognition, have to take control. In the repertoire where ‘satisfaction’ is appreciated as a good, bodies do not need to be controlled but deserve to be trained. As embodied beings, or such is the idea, we gradually develop our sensitivities in interaction with our surroundings. The art, then, is not to suppress our bodies, but to develop a good taste.

Who Is the Fairest One of All? How Evolution Guides Peer and Media Influences on Female Body Dissatisfaction / Christopher J. Ferguson, Benjamin Winegard, Bo M. Winegard. - (Review of General Psychology 15 (2011) 1; p. 11-28)

• DOI: 10.1037/a0022607

Abstract

Much attention has focused on the influence of media images of thin women on body dissatisfaction among female viewers. Disagreement exists regarding the nature of media influences, with meta-analytic results suggesting only small effect sizes. Fewer researchers have focused on the role of peer influences and peer competition on female body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the relation between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders may be more complex than is often implied in the media effects literature. Links between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders may be overstated, and some eating disorders, primarily anorexia nervosa, may not always be motivated primarily by body dissatisfaction. The current paper discusses these issues from an evolutionary perspective, examining how sociocultural forces influence the intensity of female competition and how such competition effects body dissatisfaction.

The Muscular Ideal - psychological, social, and medical perspectives / J. Kevin Thompson, Guy Cafri. - American Psychological Association, 2007

• ISBN: 9781591477921

The musculair ideal is increasingly becoming the preferred body type for men, adolescent boys, and even some women. Why is this body type the new ideal, and how did it develop? Why are some people driven to achieve heightened muscularity, and how do they do it? What risks to physical and mental health are involved when extreme behaviors are undertaken in the pursuit of the muscular ideal?

This edited book draws on new research to provide an overview of the muscular ideal, including historical and present-day sociological trends, assesment and measurement, and clinical presentation of disorders such as muscle dysmorphia. Chapters also cover related issues as steroid use, repeated cosmetic surgery, and prevention.

The target audience includes sport and health psychologists; and graduate students in psychology, sociology, gender roles, and health and sport science courses.