The Dutch Royal Strength Sport Fitness Federation (KNKF) reports a violation of the Anti-Doping Code. A doping test on April 29, 2007, showed the presence of the substance formoterol, this is a prohibited substance according the Anti-Doping Code section 3 of the ISR and recognised by the KNKF.
The defendant didn't want to send a written defence or attend a oral hearing, the case was handled in writing. He did present a dispensation request and a medical statement from his general practitioner.
The Disciplinary Committee is qualified to handle this case, the procedure of testing was handled correctly.
The Award is a warning and a reprimand, a fee is settled.

Naylor AH, Gardner D, Zaichkowsky L.
Adolescence. 2001 Winter;36(144):627-39.
School of Education, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA. adamnaylor@juno.com

This study examined drug use patterns and perceptions of drug intervention programs among adolescent interscholastic athletes and nonathletes. In particular, it explored the issue of whether participation in high school athletics is related to a healthier lifestyle and decreased use of recreational drugs and ergogenic aids.

One thousand five hundred fifteen Massachusetts high school students completed a 150-item survey that assessed illicit and nonillicit substance use.

Chi-square analyses revealed that athletes were significantly less likely to use cocaine and psychedelics, and were less likely to smoke cigarettes, compared with nonathletes. Conversely, nonathletes were less likely to use creatine than were athletes. There was no difference in the use of anabolic steroids and androstenedione between athletes and nonathletes. Descriptive analyses appear to indicate that drug interventions for athletes are falling short of their objectives.

This study suggests that athletes have a healthier lifestyle and that the efficacy of intervention programs must be further examined.

PMID:
11928872
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Laure P, Thouvenin F, Lecerf T.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2001 Mar;41(1):132-6.
Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de Physiologie, Vandoeuvre, France. patrick.laure@wanadoo.fr

BACKGROUND:
Coaches are usually held to be among the main actors of doping prevention campaigns. The aim of this study was to document certain attitudes of professional coaches faced with doping,
and to evaluate how they confronted it on an everyday basis.

METHODS:
Experimental design: prospective study by self-reporting questionnaire. Setting and participants: the questionnaire was mailed to the last 800 graduated coaches (1994-1997) in the Lorraine region, Eastern France. The 260 responding coaches comprised 77 women and 183 men, the average age being 30.8 +/- 8.0 years (mean +/- standard deviation).

RESULTS:
10.3% of coaches consider that an athlete may use doping with no health hazard with the help of a physician, and 30.0% that an athlete who declines doping has little chance of succeeding. 5.8% had used doping drugs in the last twelve months (1 to 6 times). 13.5% of coaches mention that athletes (1 to 5 per coach on average) told them they had been prompted to use doping drugs during the previous 12 months. 80.7% consider that the current methods of preventing doping in sport are ineffective, and 98.1% of them consider that they have a role to play within this context, but 80.3% consider themselves badly trained in the prevention of
doping. Only 10.4% have organized a doping prevention action during the last 12 months.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this study, professional coaches do not seem to be efficient in the prevention of doping. Further education and training for coaches on doping is advisable.

PMID:
11317161
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

CAS 2000/A/289 UCI vs C. & Fédération Française de Cyclisme

TAS 2000/A/289 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) /C. & Fédération Française de Cyclisme (FFC)

• Cycling
• Doping
• Confession of a rider

1. In accordance with the general principle of non-retroactivity, which is widely applied in criminal matters, the UCI Rules effective at the time of the anti-doping violation must be applied in order to determine the nature of the anti-doping violation and the sanctions as result of the same violation.

2. According to the principle of lex mitior, applied in criminal matters and the regulatory adopted by CAS in accordance with to the constant jurisprudence, the competent authority in charge of sanctioning must apply the new law, if this is more favourable for the accused, even when the violations occurred before these came into force. In addition, the principle of lex mitior can be applied to anti-doping rules in view of the quasi-criminal character of the disciplinary sanctions they are permitted to impose.

In April 2000 the French elite level Athlete C. mentioned in an interview with the French magazine his cycling experiences with doping for many years and the effect on the athlete’s health and the falsification of sport results.

He acknowledged that he had used EPO in 1996 when he became winner of the 1996 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships. With his confession the athlete wanted to attract attention to the current and persistent phenomenon of doping in cycling.

As a consequence of his confession the Disciplinary Commission of the French Cycling Federation (FCC) decided on 28 June 2000 to impose a 1 year period ineligibility on the Athlete as suspended sanction, a CHF 4.000,- fine including disqualification of the 1996 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships.

Hereafter the International Cycling Union (UCI) appealed the FCC decision of 28 June 2000 with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The UCI requested the Panel to set aside the FCC decision and to impose an active sanction on the Athlete C.

The Panel considers the particular circumstances of this case and finds it appropriate to impose a 3 month period of ineligibility on the Athlete starting on the day of the hearing, i.e. on 24 November 2000.

Therefore the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides on 12 January 2001 to impose a 6 month period of ineligibility on the Athlete with 3 months as suspended sanction, including a CHF 4.000,- fine and disqualification of the 1996 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships.

A psychological comparison of females with anorexia nervosa and competitive male bodybuilders : body shape ideals in the extreme /  Caroline Davis, Lori Scott-Robertson. - (Eating Behaviors 1 (2000) 1 (September); p. 33-46)

• PMID: 15001065
• DOI: 10.1016/s1471-0153(00)00007-6

Abstract

There is accumulating evidence that young men have become as concerned with their physical appearance as young women. However, different from women who want to achieve an ultra-slender body shape, most men want to increase their muscle mass and body size. Women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and competitive male bodybuilders are those who have taken the cultural standards of bodily perfection to the extreme, and both use unhealthy behaviours such as severe food restriction, excessive exercise, and steroids in pursuit of their goals. Findings of this study confirmed our prediction that the psychological profile of bodybuilders would be very similar to that found in women with AN. Both groups were significantly more obsessional, perfectionistic, anhedonic, and pathologically narcissistic than the general population. However, the bodybuilders reported very positive perceptions of their self-worth while the AN patients had very negative perceptions. Results are interpreted in the framework of a speculative developmental model of AN and bodybuilding, which focuses on the role of personality in the initiation and maintenance of excessive behaviours.

Biologic activities of growth hormone secretagogues in humans / E. Ghigo, E. Arvat, R. Giordano, F. Broglio, L. Gianotti, M. Maccario, G. Bisi, A. Graziani, M. Papotti, G. Muccioli, R. Deghenghi, F. Camanni

• Endocrine 14 (2001) 1 (Feb); p. 87-93
• PMID: 11322506
• DOI: 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:087

Abstract

Growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) are synthetic peptidyl and nonpeptidyl molecules with strong, dose-dependent, and reproducible growth hormone (GH)-releasing activity even after oral administration. GHSs release GH via actions on specific receptors (GHS-R) at the pituitary and, mainly, at the hypothalamic levels. GHSs likely act as functional somatostatin antagonists and meantime enhance the activity of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-secreting neurons. The GH-releasing effect of GHSs is independent of gender but undergoes marked age-related variations. Estrogens play a major role in enhancing the GH response to GHSs at puberty, which GHRH hypoactivity, somatostatinergic hyperactivity and impaired activity of the putative GHS-like ligand and receptors probably explain the reduced GH-releasing effect of GHSs in aging. The activity of GHSs is not fully specific for GH. Their slight prolactin-releasing activity probably comes from direct pituitary action. In physiological conditions, the ACTH-releasing activity of GHSs is dependent on central actions; a direct action on GHS-R in pituitary ACTH-secreting tumors likely explains the peculiar ACTH and cortisol hyperresponsiveness to GHSs in Cushing disease. GHSs have specific receptor subtypes in other central and peripheral endocrine and nonendocrine tissues mediating GH-independent biologic activities. GHSs influence sleep pattern, stimulate food intake, and have cardiovascular activities. GHs have specific binding in normal and neoplastic follicular derived human thyroid tissue and inhibit the proliferation of follicular-derived neoplastic cell lines. The discovery of ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide synthesized in the stomach but also in other tissues, has opened new fascinating perspectives of research in this field.

Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans : comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone / E. Arvat, M. Maccario, L. Di Vito, F. Broglio, A. Benso, C. Gottero, M. Papotti, G. Muccioli, C. Dieguez, F.F. Casanueva, R. Deghenghi, F. Camanni, E. Ghigo

• Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86 (2001) 3 (1 March); p. 1169–1174
• PMID: 11238504
• DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.3.7314

Abstract

An endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue-receptor (GHS-receptor) has recently been isolated, from both the rat and the human stomach, and named ghrelin. It is a 28-amino-acid peptide showing a unique structure with an n-octanoyl ester at its third serine residue, which is essential for its potent stimulatory activity on somatotroph secretion. In fact, it has been demonstrated that ghrelin specifically stimulates GH secretion from both rat pituitary cells in culture and rats in vivo. The aim of the present study was to test the GH-releasing activity of ghrelin in humans and to compare it with that of GHRH and hexarelin (HEX), a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, which possesses strong GH-releasing activity but also significantly stimulates PRL, ACTH, and cortisol secretion. To clarify the mechanisms of action underlying the GH-releasing activity of ghrelin in humans, its interaction with GHRH and HEX was also studied. Seven normal young volunteers (7 men; 24-32 yr old; body mass index, 20-24 kg/m(2)) were studied. All subjects underwent the administration of ghrelin, HEX, and GHRH-29 (1.0 microg/kg i.v. at 0 min) as well as placebo (2 mL isotonic saline i.v. at 0 min). Six subjects also underwent the combined administration of ghrelin and GHRH or HEX. Blood samples were taken every 15 min from -15 up to +180 min. GH levels were assayed at each time point in all sessions; PRL, ACTH, cortisol, and aldosterone levels were also assayed after administration of ghrelin and/or HEX. Ghrelin administration induced a prompt and marked increase in circulating GH levels (Cmax, mean +/- SEM, 92.1 +/- 16.7 microg/L; area under the curve, 1894.9 +/- 347.8 microg/L.h). The GH response to ghrelin was clearly higher (P < 0.01) than the one recorded after GHRH (26.7 +/- 8.7 microg/L; 619.6 +/- 174.4 microg/L.h) and even significantly higher (P < 0.05) than after HEX (68.4 +/- 14.7 microg/L; 1546.9 +/- 380.0 microg/L x h). Ghrelin administration also induced an increase in PRL, ACTH, and cortisol levels; these responses were higher (P < 0.05) than those elicited by HEX. A significant increase in aldosterone levels was recorded after ghrelin but not after HEX. The endocrine responses to ghrelin were not modified by the coadministration of HEX. On the other hand, the coadministration of ghrelin and GHRH had a real synergistical effect (P < 0.05) on GH secretion (133.6 +/- 22.5 microg/L; 3374.3 +/- 617.3 microg/L x h). In conclusion, ghrelin, a natural ligand of GHS-receptor, exerts a strong stimulatory effect on GH secretion in humans, releasing more GH than GHRH and even more than a nonnatural GHS such as HEX. Ghrelin, as well as HEX, also stimulates lactotroph and corticotroph secretion. Ghrelin shows no interaction with HEX, whereas it has a synergistical effect with GHRH on GH secretion. Thus, ghrelin is a new hormone playing a major role in the control of somatotroph secretion in humans, and its effects are imitated by nonnatural GHS.

Residues from anabolic preparations after good veterinary practice / D.M. Hendricks, S.L. Gray, J.J. Owenby, B.R. Lackey. - (APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 109 (2001) 4 (April); p. 273-283).
- PMID: 11469498.
- https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-120.x

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the endogenous concentrations of estrogens, particularly estradiol-17beta (E2beta, in edible tissues of beef cattle (females and intact and neutered males) and the concentrations of E2beta, and trenbolone beta and alpha (betaTb, alphaTb) after an E2beta and/or trenbolone acetate (TA) ear implant. Radioimmunoassays were validated for quantitation of E2beta (active isomer), E2alpha, estrone (E1), betaTb and alphaTb for bovine muscle, liver, kidney and fat tissues. The criteria of accuracy, precision, specificity and sensitivity were applied according to the standards of the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. In steer tissues, endogenous E2beta was <15 ppt, as was heifer muscle; but heifer liver and kidney were 3-fold greater. An E2beta implant in steers had no effect on muscle E2beta concentration, but increased E2beta in liver and fat 4- and 3-fold, respectively, but by 24 h post-implant removal, E2beta had fallen by half. Tissue E1 concentrations in cyclic females were similar to E2beta, but rose many fold greater than did E2beta during gestation; E2beta rose 3-fold during gestation. After E2beta/TA implant, steer tissues had E2beta concentrations equal to (for muscle and fat) and one-half (for liver) the E2beta measured in E2beta implant only steers; betaTb was in a low range (250-380 ppt) in muscle, liver and fat and alphaTb was even lower, except in liver (800-1500 ppt). An implant of TA only (no E2beta) resulted in betaTb and alphaTb concentrations 2-3-fold greater in liver, kidney and fat, but no greater in muscle than betaTb in tissues of E2beta/TA implant steers. In conclusion, anabolic implants in steers resulted in tissue E2beta concentrations less than the FDA allowable increment and betaTb in the lowest quartile (0.25) of a part per billion 30 days after implant.

Mediating mechanisms in a program to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids and improve exercise self-efficacy and dietary behavior / David P. MacKinnon, L. Goldberg, G.N. Clarke, D.L. Elliot, J. Cheong, A. Lapin, E.L. Moe, J.L. Krull. - (Prevention Science 2 (2001) 1 (March); p. 15-28)

• PMID: 11519372
• DOI: 10.1023/a:1010082828000

Abstract

This study investigated the mediating mechanisms responsible for the effects of a program designed to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids, improve nutrition, and increase strength training self-efficacy. Fifteen of 31 high school football teams (N = 1,506 players at baseline) in Oregon and Washington were assigned to receive the intervention. The multicomponent program addressed the social influences promoting ergogenic drug use and engaging students in healthy nutrition and strength training alternative behaviors. Although the results differed across the three dependent variables, the program appeared to work by changing team norms. Unlike prevention of other drugs, changes in knowledge and perceived severity were mediators of program effects in this study.

Mediating mechanisms in a program to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids and improve exercise self-efficacy and dietary behavior / D.P. MacKinnon, L. Goldberg, G.N. Clarke, D.L. Elliot, J. Cheong, A. Lapin, E.L. Moe, J.L. Krull.- (Prevention Science 2 (2001) 1 (March); p. 15-28.)

• PMID: 11519372
• DOI: 10.1023/a:1010082828000

Abstract

This study investigated the mediating mechanisms responsible for the effects of a program designed to reduce intentions to use anabolic steroids, improve nutrition, and increase strength training self-efficacy. Fifteen of 31 high school football teams (N = 1,506 players at baseline) in Oregon and Washington were assigned to receive the intervention. The multicomponent program addressed the social influences promoting ergogenic drug use and engaging students in healthy nutrition and strength training alternative behaviors. Although the results differed across the three dependent variables, the program appeared to work by changing team norms. Unlike prevention of other drugs, changes in knowledge and perceived severity were mediators of program effects in this study.