Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence / K.J. Brower, F.C. Blow, J.P. Young, E.M. Hill. - (British Journal of Addiction 86 (1991) 6 (June); p. 759-768)

• PMID: 1878625
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03101.x

Abstract

Forty-nine male weight lifters, all users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to investigate addictive patterns of use. At least one DSM-III-R symptom of dependence was reported by 94% of the sample. Three or more symptoms, consistent with a diagnosis of dependence, were reported by 57%. Dependent users (n = 28) could be distinguished from non-dependent users (n = 21) by their use of larger doses, more cycles of use, more dissatisfaction with body size, and more aggressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that dosage and dissatisfaction with body size were the best predictors of dependent use. Patterns of other substances used, although not predictive of AAS dependence, revealed very low cigarette use and at the same time high alcohol consumption. These data support the notion that AASs are addicting, and suggest that dissatisfaction with body size may lead to dependent patterns of use. The implications for both prevention and treatment are discussed.

The analysis of trenbolone and the human urinary metabolites of trenbolone acetate by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry / Douwe de Boer, M.E. Gainza Bernal, R.D. van Ooyen, R.A. Maes. - (Biological Mass Spectromety 20 (1991) 8 (August); p. 459-466)

• PMID: 1768702
• DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200200805

Abstract

The electron impact mass spectrometric properties of trimethylsilyl ether and fluoroacyl ester derivatives of trenbolone, combined or not combined with a methoxime group, are presented. Some derivatization problems were observed and were due to the formation of enol derivatives at the 3C-position in several tautomeric forms, which in their turn were not stable and lost two or four hydrogens under the conditions studied. The enolization could be minimized by carefully selecting the reaction conditions or could be prevented by the introduction of a methoxime group at the 3C-position. The limits of detection and identification of the methoxime heptafluorobutyryl ester and the methoxime trimethylsilyl ether derivative of trenbolone were determined using a mass selective detector in the electron impact mode and a triple-stage quadrupole in the methane positive chemical ionization mode. Selected reaction monitoring in tandem mass spectrometry did not improve the limit of detection, but because of the gain in selectivity did improve the limit of identification. The glucuronides of trenbolone and epitrenbolone could be identified in three urine specimens out of 200 samples in routine doping control.

AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1990-91 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia

CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal iii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: Education and Research Program 7
Chapter 3: Drug Testing and Sampling Program 17
Chapter 4: Management and Corporate Services 21

TABLE CONTENT
Table 1 List of papers presented or published by the Agency 1990-91 25
Table 2 List of ASDA resources 27
Table 3 List of sports represented in the study 28
Table 4 Number of groups per 'sporting role' 28
Table 5 List of tests conducted 29
Table 6 Summary of defaults 30
Table 7 List of defaults—by sport 35
Table 8 List of substances found in positive drug tests—by class of International Olympic Committee listed drugs 36
Table 9 International sporting events held in Australia in which ASDA was involved in drug testing 36

Financial Statements
Appendix IV
Appendix V
Appendix VI
Appendix VII
Index
Appendix I: List of laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee as at January 1991 37
Appendix II: Schedule of drugs listed by the International Olympic Committee 49
Appendix III: Multilateral Agreement in unification of actions in struggle against doping use in sports 55
Appendix IV: Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom concerning the reciprocal development and enforcement of measures against doping in sport 58
Appendix V: Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Sports Drug Agency and the Australian Government Analytical Laboratory 62
Appendix VI: International Olympic Charter Against Doping in Sport—model for a national anti-doping program 69
Appendix VII : Agency staffing levels as at 30 June 1991 71
Index 73

Personality, Mood, and Psychiatric Symptoms Among Anabolic Steroid Users /  Howard B. Moss, George L. Panzak, Ralph E. Tarter. - (American Journal on Addiction 1 (1992) 4 (Fall); p. 315-324)

Abstract

The relationship between use of anabolic stemids (ASS) and specific personality dimensions was assessed in 50 male bodybuilders who were current or past users compared with a sample of 25 age-matched, “natural” male My builders who never used ASS. No personality differences were found. me relationship between current AS use and the presence of variations in mood state, hostility, and psychiatric symptomatology was then evaluated. Current AS users scored higher than non-users only on psychometric scales measuring hostility, aggression, and somatization. Thus, reports that AS use was associated with significant psychopathology, other than aggression and somatization, could not be confirmed.

December1991 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1991

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

The detection of danazol and its significance in doping analysis / Douwe de Boer, E.G. de Jong, R.A. Maes. - (Journal of Analytical Toxicology 16 (1992) 1 (January-February); p. 14-18)

• PMID: 1640693
• DOI: 10.1093/jat/16.1.14

Abstract

The use of anabolic steroids and related compounds in sport is forbidden by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Because danazol (17 alpha-pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-D] isoxazol-17 beta-ol) is structurally related to the anabolic steroid stanozolol, its use should be questioned. Therefore, the detection and the significance of danazol in doping analysis are discussed. A urine specimen suspected of containing danazol metabolites was analyzed in order to characterize the metabolites. After isolation and conversion into three different derivatives, the metabolites were subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the electron impact (EI) mode. The structure assignment was based on the molecular ions, fragmentation patterns observed for the three different derivatives, and the possible metabolite structures given in the literature. Ethisterone was identified as a nonconjugated metabolite. 2-Hydroxymethylethisterone was observed in two stereoisomeric forms. One stereoisomer was found mainly in the nonconjugated steroid fraction and the other in the conjugated fraction. The results were confirmed by analyzing urine specimens of a volunteer who was known to have taken danazol. Derivatization methods and GC/MS data are given to implement danazol detection in routine screening and confirmation procedures.

Albrecht RR, Anderson WA, McGrew CA, McKeag DB, Hough DO.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992 Feb;24(2):242-6.
Office of Medical Education Research and Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.

One aspect of the current drug-testing controversy that has gone relatively unexamined concerns the extent to which student-athletes are fully informed of the testing procedures employed by their institution.

College athletes (N = 2,282) participating at 11 NCAAaffiliated institutions nationwide were surveyed as to their awareness of their school's drugtesting program.

Results indicate athletes have numerous misconceptions regarding the drug testing to which they may be subjected. Over one-third of the athletes attending "testing" institutions were oblivious to the fact their school was engaged in drug-testing, and more than 70% were unable to correctly identify their school's drug-testing protocol.

Implications of such ignorance are discussed.

PMID: 1549014 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1992 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1992

INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE MEDICAL COMMISSION

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

May 1992

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Androgenic Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Anti-Doping Knowledge Center

The methyl-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterones mesterolone and drostanolone; gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric characterization of the urinary metabolites / Douwe de Boer, E.G. de Jong, R.A. Maes, J.M. van Rossum. - (Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 42 (1992) 3-4 (May); p. 411-419)

• PMID: 1606052
• DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90146-a

Abstract

Before including the detection of the methyl-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterones mesterolone (1 alpha-methyl-17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one) and drostanolone (2 alpha-methyl-17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-3-one) in doping control procedures, their urinary metabolites were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Several metabolites were found after enzymatic hydrolysis and conversion of the respective metabolites to their trimethylsilyl-enol-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. The major metabolites of mesterolone and drostanolone were identified as 1 alpha-methyl-androsterone and 2 alpha-methyl-androsterone, respectively. The parent compounds and the intermediate 3 alpha,17 beta-dihydroxysteroid metabolites were detected as well. The reduction into the corresponding 3 beta-hydroxysteroids was a minor metabolic pathway. All metabolites were found to be conjugated to glucuronic acid.

AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1991-92 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378

CONTENTS
List of Tables vi
List of Appendices vii
Summary of Compliance with Reporting Guidelines viii

1 INTRODUCTION
Objects, Functions and Powers 1
Responsible Minister 3
Membership 4
Board Meetings 4
Staff 6
Publications and Presentations 6
Social justice 6
Special Operational Issues 9

2 POLICY PLANNING AND RESEARCH PROGRAM
Objectives 15
Policy 15
Planning 27
Research 30

3 DRUG 'TESTING 'PROGRAM
Program Objectives 37
Drug Testing Management System and Database 39
4 EDUCATION PROGRAM
Program Objectives 49
School-based Education Programs 49
Sport-based Education Programs 50
Information Services 51
5 CORPORATE OPERATIONS
Program Objectives 55
Finance 55
Human Resources 57
Administrative Services 59

6 SUMMARY
Outcomes for 1991-92 63
Outlook of activities for 1992-93 65

7 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 67

TABLES
1 Agency papers and presentations, 1991-92 17
2 Drug testing statistics, 1991-92 37
3 Drug testing statistics by State and gender 1991-92 38
4 Summary of defaults 40
5 Summary of defaults by sport 42
6 Summary of substances found in positive drug tests 43
7 International sporting events held in Australia and tested by ASDA 46
8 Income generating activities of ASDA 56
9 Five year targets for user-pay testing program 56
10 Summary of the Training Guarantee Scheme 58
11 Agency staffing levels 58

APPENDICES
1 Guidelines for the content, preparation and presentation of annual reports by Statutory Authorities 81
2 Australian Sports Drug Agency: Organisational structure and establishment 83
3 Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom concerning the reciprocal development and enforcement of measures against doping in sport 85
4 Self assessment guidelines for a national anti-doping program 89
5 Model national anti-doping program 91
6 Arrangement between the Government of Australia and the Government of New Zealand concerning the reciprocal development and enforcement of measures against doping in sport 93
7 Program of die Third Permanent World Conference on Anti-Doping in Sport 95
8 State and Territory regulations for anabolic steroids 97
9 Types of harm caused by drug use 101
10 International Olympic Committee Medical Commission List of Doping Classes and Methods May 1992 103
11 Summary of IOC doping classes and methods 109
12 Clenbuterol 113
13 Dope control laboratories accredited by the IOC, March 1992 115
14. Summary of samples analysed by the IOC accredited laboratories in 1991 119
15 Summary of IOC laboratory statistics 1986-1991 125
16 The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 127
17 Community development of drugs-in-sport programs - the role of professionals 129
18 An outline of the process of action research 131
19 Selected key papers on drugs-in-sport issues 133
20 Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Sports Drug Agency and the Australian Government Analytical Laboratory 135
INDEX 140