Facts
The French Basketball Federation (Fédération Française de Basket-Ball, FFBB) charges respondent M30 or a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on October 27, 2007, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of heptaminol. Heptaminol is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substances.

History
The respondent uses medication to treat the risk of edema in her legs. This medication contains the prohibited substance. She has statements from his general practitioner to prove this condition. She hadn't checked the ingredients of the medication she had acquired by herself.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of one month, in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized or authorized by the FFBB.
2. The decision (acquittal) dated January 11, 2007, of the disciplinary committee of the FFBB should be modified.
3. The decision starts on the date of notification.
4. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Related cases:

• AFLD 2015 FFJDA vs Respondent M42
  September 10, 2015
• AFLD 2016 FFJDA vs Respondent M49 - Appeal
  April 21, 2016
  
  

Facts
The French Federation for Judo, Jujitsu, Kendo and Associated Disciplines (Fédération Française de Judo, Jujitsu, Kendo et Disciplines Associées FFJDA) charges respondent M29 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a judo tournament on April 21, 2007, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. Analysis of the sample showed the presence of prednisone and prednisolone which are prohibited substances according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list. Prednisone and prednisolone are regarded as specified substance.

History
The respondent suffers from an anatomical abnormality. Five days before the doping control he took injections with the prohibited substances to treat back pain. He had mentioned the use of the pharmaceutical product on the doping control form. He had no intention to enhance his sport performance. He took a risk with the treatment to be sure to participate in the tournament.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of one month in which the respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized or authorized by the FFJDA.
2. The decision starts on the date of notification.
3. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Federation of Bullfighting (Federation Française de course camarguaise, FFCC) charges respondent M28 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During an event on October 7, 2007, the respondent didn't attend the doping control.

History
The respondent claims that he wasn't informed to be tested. He left the event without seeing the sampler. But later he admits that he was afraid being tested positive for the use of cannabis.
Respondent had made an appeal against the decision of the disciplinary committee.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of two years in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized by the FFCC.
2. The decision (period of ineligibility of one year, six months conditional) made by the disciplinary committee of the FFCC, dated November 15, 2007, should be modified.
3. The period of ineligibility should reduced with the time already served by the decision of November 15, 2007.
4. The present decision will start on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Relationships between body image, nutritional supplement use, and attitudes towards doping in sport among adolescent boys: implications for prevention programs / Zali Yager, Jennifer A. O’Deal. – (Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 11 (2014) 14 (27 March) : p. 1-8) doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-13

Content:
- Background
- Methods
- Results
• Demographics
• Body Image
• Body Image by use of products
• Relationship between doping attitudes, body dissatisfaction and weight change behaviours
• Relationship between body dissatisfaction and attitudes towards doping in sport
- Discussion
- Conclusions

Background: Reports of high levels of use of protein powders and nutritional supplements among young men is a concern because these substances may act as a gateway for the use of drugs and illegal substances to enhance appearance or sports performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body dissatisfaction, weight change behaviors, supplement use, and attitudes towards doping in sport among an adolescent male sample.
Methods: Participants were 1148 male adolescents (age range 11-21 years) in Australia who completed a self-report questionnaire that measured weight change behaviors, supplement use, body dissatisfaction (Male Body Attitudes Scale; MBAS) and attitudes towards doping in sport (Performance Enhancing Attitudes Survey; PEAS).
Results: There was a positive correlation between MBAS total and PEAS scores (r = .19, p < .001), indicating that the young men who were more dissatisfied with their bodies were more likely to support the use of doping in sport. Young men who were currently attempting weight loss or weight gain, and those currently consuming energy drinks (ηp2 = .01, p < .01) and vitamin/mineral supplements (ηp2 = .01, p < .01) were also significantly more supportive of doping in sport. However, those involved in weight lifting, and using protein powders were not (p > .05).
Conclusions: These findings suggest that body dissatisfaction, weight change behaviors, and supplement use are related to more lenient attitudes towards doping in sport among adolescent boys. Future research might examine whether combining educational content for the prevention of body dissatisfaction and the use of drugs in sport may have a greater preventive impact than current programs aimed at young men.

Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? : Insights from animals and humans / Ruth I. Wood. – (Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 29 (2008) 29 (October); p. 490-506)

• doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.12.002

Content:
1.) Breakfast of champions: recent history and prevalence of AAS use
2.) What me worry? Risks and side effects of steroid use
3.) Just say no: AAS reinforcement and dependence in humans
4.) Betcha can’t take just one: stacks and supplements
5.) Gym rats: AAS reinforcement and dependence in animals
5.1.) A few provisos, a couple of quid pro quos
5.2.) Not your father’s drugs: sex differences and effects of circulating androgens
6.) Can’t beat the real thing: reinforcing effects of AAS vs testosterone and its metabolites
7.) This is your brain on steroids: central targets of AAS action
7.1.) Dopamine
7.2.) GABA
7.3.) Serotonin
7.4.) Opioids
8.) The bottom line: what have we learned?

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, with negative health consequences. As a result, in 1991 testosterone and related AAS were declared controlled substances. However, the relative abuse and dependence liability of AAS have not been fully characterized. In humans, it is difficult to separate the direct psychoactive effects of AAS from reinforcement due to their systemic anabolic effects. However, using conditioned place preference and self-administration, studies in animals have demonstrated that AAS are reinforcing in a context where athletic performance is irrelevant. Furthermore, AAS share brain sites of action and neurotransmitter systems in common with other drugs of abuse. In particular, recent evidence links AAS with opioids. In humans, AAS abuse is associated with prescription opioid use. In animals, AAS overdose produces symptoms resembling opioid overdose, and AAS modify the activity of the endogenous opioid system.

Facts
The French Basketball Federation (Fédération Française de Basket-Ball, FFBB) charges respondent M27 or a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on October 27, 2007, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substances.

History
The respondent claims that the positive test was the result of passive smoking. The amount measured however was too high for being the result of passive smoking.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of four months, in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized or authorized by the FFBB.
2. The decision (15 days period of ineligibility) dated January 11, 2008, of the disciplinary committee of the FFBB should be modified.
3. The period of ineligibility should be reduced by the period already served in voluntary suspension and the period served by the decision of the disciplinary committee.
4. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Basketball Federation (Fédération Française de Basket-Ball, FFBB) charges respondent M26 or a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on September 28, 2007, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substances.

History
The respondent used the cannabis on the day of the match, to handle the pressure. There was no intention to enhance his sport performance.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of one year, in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized or authorized by the FFBB.
2. The decision (1 month period of ineligibility) dated January 11, 2008, of the disciplinary committee of the FFBB should be modified.
3. The period of ineligibility should be reduced by on month which is the period already served by the decision of January 11, 2008.
4. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Cycling Federation (Fédération Française de Cyclisme, FFC) charges respondent M25 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a cycling event on August 26, 2007, respondent didn't attend the doping control.

History
The respondent claims he arrived as the last one at the finish line, far behind the other participants. He went to his car and didn't notice the announcements by microfone. However the panel holds that a designated test person is still responsible to be available for a doping test.

Decision
1. The respondent is acquitted.
2. The decision (acquitttal) dated November 28, 2007, by the disciplinary committee of the FFC doens't need to be modified.
3. The decision starts on the date of notification.
4. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Cycling Federation (Fédération Française de Cyclisme, FFC) charges respondent M24 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a cycling event on July 7, 2007, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent had used cannabis in a recreational setting.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of three months in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized by the FFC.
2. The decision (a warning) dated November 28, 2007, by the disciplinary committee of the FFC should be modified.
3. The decision starts on the date of notification.
4. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Swimming Federation (Fédération Française de Natation, FFN) charges respondent M23 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a water polo match on November 3, 2007, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent claims that the positive test was caused by passive smoking. However the athlete stays responsible for prohibited substances entering his body.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of three months in which respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized by the FFN.
2. The decision (a warning), dated May 29, 2009, by the disciplinary committee of the FFN should be modified.
4. The decision start on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.