Bewegen vs Voeding - minicollege Eigen Kracht (Dutch title)

Obesity and being overweight is becoming a worldwide health problem. Often more exercise is advised to combat this problem. In this True Strength minilecture sportnutritionist and exercise physiologist Tjeu Maas discusses the effectivity of exercise and nutrition. Conclusion: cutting calories is more effective than upping your exercise regimen in slimming down.

This video is part of the True Strength (Eigen Kracht) campaign of the Dopingautoriteit. A campaign that warns gym users and bodybuilders for the health risks of doping use and offers healthy and effective alternatives (training, recovery, nutrition, nutritional supplements, mental techniques).

Alcohol & herstel (Dutch title)

Alcohol can compromise the athlete's recuperation, and in doing so halts his progress. Sportnutritionist Floris Wardenaar in his True Strength mini lecture discusses alcohol consumption and sports, and why it's not the way to go.

This video is part of the True Strength (Eigen Kracht) campaign of the Dopingautoriteit. A campaign that warns gym users and bodybuilders for the health risks of doping use and offers healthy and effective alternatives (training, recovery, nutrition, nutritional supplements, mental techniques).

Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse : a looming public health concern? Gen Kanayama, James I. Hudson, Harrison G Pope Jr. - (Drug and Alcohol Dependence 98 (2008) 1-2 (1 November); p 1-12

• PMID: 18599224
• PMCID: PMC2646607
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.004

Abstract

Background: The problem of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has recently generated widespread public and media attention. Most AAS abusers, however, are not elite athletes like those portrayed in the media, and many are not competitive athletes at all. This larger but less visible population of ordinary AAS users began to emerge in about 1980. The senior members of this population are now entering middle age; they represent the leading wave of a new type of aging former substance abusers, with specific medical and psychiatric risks.

Methods: We reviewed the evolving literature on long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of AAS abuse.

Results: Long-term use of supraphysiologic doses of AAS may cause irreversible cardiovascular toxicity, especially atherosclerotic effects and cardiomyopathy. In other organ systems, evidence of persistent toxicity is more modest, and interestingly, there is little evidence for an increased risk of prostate cancer. High concentrations of AAS, comparable to those likely sustained by many AAS abusers, produce apoptotic effects on various cell types, including neuronal cells--raising the specter of possibly irreversible neuropsychiatric toxicity. Finally, AAS abuse appears to be associated with a range of potentially prolonged psychiatric effects, including dependence syndromes, mood syndromes, and progression to other forms of substance abuse. However, the prevalence and severity of these various effects remains poorly understood.

Conclusions: As the first large wave of former AAS users now moves into middle age, it will be important to obtain more systematic data on the long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of this form of substance abuse.

Is There an Association between the Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Criminality? / Kurt Skårberg, Fred Nyberg, Ingemar Engström. - (European Addiction Research 16 (2010) 4 (September); p. 213–219)

• PMID: 20798542
• DOI: 10.1159/000320286

Aims:

The aim of this study was to improve our understanding
of the proposed association between anabolic-androgenic
steroids (AAS) and criminality.

Methods:

The study was based on interviews and criminality data involving 32 users of AAS who had sought treatment for AAS-related problems at a psychiatric addiction clinic in Sweden. A score derived from the number of crimes, their level of severity and the relevant time periods was computed to allow comparisons between subgroups sorted according to type and timing of drug use.

Results:

The criminal activity level increased for 69% of the individuals after having started to use drugs. This was particularly obvious in the group who had started its involvement with drugs by using AAS. Crimes of violence and weapon offences showed a great increase in incidence after drug use had been initiated. The study also showed a significant decrease in criminality after treatment, particularly among individuals who had started their drug use with AAS.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that there is an association
between the use of AAS and criminality, especially with regard to crimes of violence and weapon offences, and that this criminality may be enhanced when AAS are combined with other drugs of abuse.

Narcissism and empathy in steroid users / John H. Porcerelli, Bruce A. Sandler. - (American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 11 (November); p. 1672-1674)

• PMID: 7485634
• DOI: 10.1176/ajp.152.11.1672

Abstract

Objective: In an effort to begin to construct a psychological profile of anabolic steroid users, the authors compared weight lifters and bodybuilders who did or did not use anabolic steroids on an objective measure of narcissism and on clinical ratings of empathy.

Method: The subjects were 16 weight lifters and bodybuilders who reported that they had used anabolic steroids within the past year and a comparison group of 20 weight lifters who had not used steroids. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory and clinical ratings of empathy were used to assess narcissism.

Results: Steroid users had significantly higher scores on dimensions of pathological narcissism and significantly lower scores on clinical ratings of empathy.

Conclusions: These preliminary results document a relationship between anabolic steroid use and narcissistic personality traits. They also indicate the need for further research to determine whether narcissistic personality traits contribute to the initiation of anabolic steroid use or result from their use.

Aaron L. Baggish, Rory B. Weiner, Gen Kanayama, James I. Hudson, Michael H. Picard, Adolph M. Hutter, Jr., and Harrison G. Pope, Jr.
Circ Heart Fail. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 January 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Circ Heart Fail. 2010 July 1; 3(4): 472–476.
Published online 2010 April 27. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.931063

Background
Although illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use is widespread, the cardiac effects of long-term AAS use remain inadequately characterized. We compared cardiac parameters in weightlifters reporting long-term AAS use to those in otherwise similar weightlifters without prior AAS exposure.

Methods & Results
We performed 2-dimensional, tissue-Doppler, and speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, LV systolic strain, and conventional indices of diastolic function in long-term AAS users (n=12) and otherwise similar AAS non-users (n=7). AAS users (median [Q1,Q3] cumulative lifetime AAS exposure 468 [169–520] weeks) closely resembled non-users in age, prior duration of weightlifting, and current intensity of weight training. LV structural parameters were similar between the two groups. However, AAS users had significantly lower LV ejection fraction (50.6% [48.4, 53.6] versus 59.1% [58.0, 61.7]; p = 0.003 by Wilcoxon rank sum test, two-tailed); longitudinal strain (16.9% [14.0, 19.0] versus 21.0% [20.2, 22.9]; p = 0.004), and radial strain (38.3 [28.5, 43.7] versus 50.1 [44.3, 61.8]; p = 0.02). Ten of the 12 AAS users showed LV ejection fractions below the accepted limit of normal (≥55%). AAS users also demonstrated decreased diastolic function compared to non-users, as evidenced by a markedly lower E′ velocity (7.4 [6.8, 7.9] versus 9.9 [8.3, 10.5]; p = 0.005) and E/A ratio (0.93 [0.88, 1.39] versus 1.80 [1.48, 2.00]; p = 0.003).

Conclusions
Cardiac dysfunction in long-term AAS users appears more severe than previously reported, and may be sufficient to increase the risk of heart failure.

Anabolic androgenic steroids: what the psychiatrist needs to know / Harry Rashid, Sara Ormerod, Ed Day. - (Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 13 (2007) 3 (May); p. 203–211)

• DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.105.000935

Anabolic androgenic steroids (commonly known as anabolic steroids) are synthetic derivatives of the hormone testosterone. They are being increasingly used by professional and recreational athletes to enhance performance, and by men and women to improve physical appearance. This article discusses the characteristics of such steroid ‘misusers’ and the techniques of use. It highlights the psychiatric complications associated with these steroids, including increased risk of aggression, personality disorders, psychosis and mood disorders, particularly manic symptoms. Medical complications of steroid use are common and frequently reversible. Use is associated with an increased risk of injury, cardiovascular events, gastrointestinal complications, virilisation in women, and gynaecomastia and testicular atrophy in men. Whether addiction to these steroids can occur is debatable, but there is evidence for dependence and a withdrawal syndrome. Steroid use may be a ‘gateway’ to other addictions. Users are often reluctant to seek treatment and the psychiatrist’s role in the recognition and management of use is presented.

CAS CG 06/01 Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) vs Raju Edwin

CAS CG 06/02 Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) vs Tajinder Singh

In March 2006 during the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games the Indian weightlifters Raju Edwin and Tajinder Singh tested positive for the prohibited substance Stanozolol.

Following notification the Athlete's denied the use of any prohibited substance and disputed the validity of the test results.

Because there were 4 adverse analytical findings reported on the occasion of doping controls carried out on the Indian national team members in 2006 consequently the International Weightlifting Federation decided to suspend the Indian Weightlifting Federation.

On 25 March 2006 in this interim order the Ad hoc Panel provides the Athletes the opportunity to consider with the aid of an expert whether the analysis of the their samples relied on to support a case of violation of the anti-doping rules was in any way flawed.

Therefore on 26 March 2006 the Ad hoc Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides:

(1) By 06:00pm Swiss time on 28 March 2006, the Respondents produce a report from their expert on the analytical data to be distributed in accordance with directions of the CAS Secretariat.

(2) By 06:00pm Swiss time on 29 March 2006, the Respondents indicate to CAS in Lausanne whether in the light of such report, the Respondents continue to dispute the findings of violation of an anti-doping rule, and if so, on what basis.

(3) If and in so far as the Respondents continue to dispute the findings on the basis that the analysis of their samples was in some material way flawed, the CGF has until 06:00pm Swiss time on 31 March 2006 to produce a report in defence of the analysis to be distributed on the same basis.

(4) The Panel refers the dispute to arbitration by the CAS in accordance with the Code of Sports-related Arbitration (Article 20 (a) and (c) (i) and (iii) of the ad hoc Rules)

(5) If a defence is advanced by the Respondents, further directions will be given for its resolution.

If, however, the Respondents advance no defence, the Panel will as soon as possible determine that an anti-doping rule violation has been committed (see article 28.8 (d) of the CGF Constitution), and the Federation Court will thereafter impose the sanctions provided for under article 28.9. (The Panel further draws attention to article 28.10, although its implementation is not a matter for it.)

Jay R. Hoffman and Nicholas A. Ratamess
The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, USA
Received: 10 February 2006 / Accepted: 09 March 2006 / Published (online): 01 June 2006

For the past 50 years anabolic steroids have been at the forefront of the controversy surrounding performance enhancing drugs. For almost half of this time no attempt was made by sports governing
bodies to control its use, and only recently have all of the major sports governing bodies in North America agreed to ban from competition and punish athletes who test positive for anabolic steroids. These punitive measures were developed with the primary concern for promotion of fair play and eliminating potential
health risks associated with androgenic-anabolic steroids. Yet, controversy exists whether these testing programs deter anabolic steroid use. Although the scope of this paper does not focus on the effectiveness of testing, or the issue of fair play, it is of interest to understand why many athletes underestimate the health
risks associated from these drugs. What creates further curiosity is the seemingly well-publicized health hazards that the medical community has depicted concerning anabolic steroid abuse. Is there something that the athletes know, or are they simply naïve regarding the dangers? The focus of this review is to
provide a brief history of anabolic steroid use in North America, the prevalence of its use in both athletic and recreational populations and its efficacy. Primary discussion will focus on health issues associated with anabolic steroid use with an examination of the contrasting views held between the medical community and the athletes that are using these ergogenic drugs. Existing data suggest that in certain circumstances the medical risk associated with anabolic steroid use may have been somewhat exaggerated,
possibly to dissuade use in athletes.

http://www.jssm.org

CAS 2011/A/2336 WADA v. FCL & Margarita Mercado Villarreal

CAS 2011/A/2339 WADA v. FCL & Katerine Mercado Villarreal

Ms Margarita Mercado Villarreal and Ms Katerine Mercado Villarreal are two sisters of Columbian nationality who compete as weightlifters at a highly competitive level. They tested positive for 19-norandrosterone (Nandrolone) in an out-of-competition test performed in Cali on 19 October 2009.

Following a hearing on 11 June 2010 the Colombian Weightlifting Confederation (FCL) decided to impose a sanction of 1 year on the two Athletes including disqualification of their results.

Hereafter in January 2011 the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) appealed the FCL Decision with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). WADA requested to set aside the Appealed Decisions and to impose a sanction of 2 years on the Athletes.

WADA contended that the Athletes failed to demonstrate with corroborating evidence that there had been departures of the ISTI that could have caused the positive test results. Further the Athlete failed to explain the presence of the prohibited substance in their system.

Following assesment of the case the Panel determines:

• The presence of a prohibited substance had been established in the Athletes' samples and accordingly they committed an anti-doping rule violation.
• The Athletes failed to establish the existence of circumstances permitting the reduction or elimination of the sanction.
• The anti-doping tests performed by on the Weightlifters were properly canied out.
• The Athletes' allegations concerning the sample collection and storage procedures:
  • (i) are not relevant; and/or
  • (il) have not been proven on the balance of probability; and/or
  • (iii) could in no manner cause their adverse analytical flndings.

Therefore the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) decides on 2 March 2012:

1.) The Appeal filed by the World Anti-Doping Agency is upheld.

2.) The decision rendered by the Disciplinary Commission of the Federación Colombiana de Levantamiento de Pesas further to a hearing on 11 October 2010 concerning Ms Margarita Mercado Villarreal (a minor) and Ms Katerine Mercado Villareal is set aside, except for the rulings related to (i) the "Liga de Levantamiento de Pesas de Bolivar" and (ii) the removal of results and return of trophies, medals and prices, which have not been appealed against.

3.) Ms Margarita Mercado Villarreal is declared ineligible for a period of two years, starting from the date of notification of this award. Any period of ineligibility that she has already served, as attested by the International Weightlifting Federation, shall be credited against the above mentioned period of two years of ineligibility.

4.) Ms Katerine Mercado Villarreal is declared ineligible for a period of two years, starting from the date of notification of this award. Any period of ineligibility that she has already served, as attested by the International Weightlifting Federation, shall be credited against the above mentioned period of two years of ineligibility.

5.) Ms Margarita Mercado Villarreal, Ms Katerine Mercado Villarreal and the Federación Colombiana de Levantamiento de Pesas shall bear the entire costs of the proceedings, to be determined and served on the parties by the CAS Court Office, for which they are jointly and severally liable.

6.) Ms Margarita Mercado Villaireal, Ms Katerine Mercado Villarreal and the Federación Colombiana de Levantamiento de Pesas are ordered to pay the total amount of CHF 1,000 (one thousand Swiss Francs), for which they are jointly and severally liable, to the World Anti-Doping Agency.

7.) All other requests, motions or players for relief are dismissed.