Recommendation on Basic Principles for Disciplinary Phases of Doping Control / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1998
Recommendation on Standard Operating Procedures at Doping Control Laboratories : procedures for non-analytical phases / Monitoring Group of the Anti-Doping Convention. - Strasbourg : Council of Europe (CoE), 1998
The Cardiac Toxicity of Anabolic Steroids / Mack Lee Sullivan, Charles M. Martinez, Paul Gennis, E. John Gallagher. - (Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 41 (1998) 1 (July/August); p. 1-15)
Abstract
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that were developed as adjunct therapy for a variety of medical conditions. Today they are most commonly used to enhance athletic performance and muscular development. Both illicit and medically indicated anabolic steroid use have been temporally associated with many subsequent defects within each of the body systems. Testosterone is the preferred ligand of the human androgen receptor in the myocardium and directly modulates transcription, translation, and enzyme function. Consequent alterations of cellular pathology and organ physiology are similar to those seen with heart failure and cardiomyopathy. Hypertension, ventricular remodeling, myocardial ischemia, and sudden cardiac death have each been temporally and causally associated with anabolic steroid use in humans. These effects persist long after use has been discontinued and have significant impact on subsequent morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms of cardiac disease as a result of anabolic steroid use are discussed in this review.
Natural occurrence of steroid hormones / Sonja Hartmann, Markus Lacorn, Hans Steinhart. - (Food Chemistry 62 (1998) 1 (May); p. 7-20)
Abstract
The natural occurrence of the sex steroid hormones progesterone, testosterone, 17β-estradiol and estrone in food was investigated in a survey of the German market basket. The main metabolic precursors, intermediates and metabolites (pregnenolone, androstenedione, hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, 17α-estradiol and estriol) were also included in the investigation. Particular attention was paid to DHEA, which is said to have anti-aging properties. Analysis was carried out by gas chromato-graphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The steroid patterns of pork, meat products, fish and poultry resemble those known for beef. Milk and milk products reflect the hormone profile of female cattle with high amounts of progesterone, which accumulates with increasing milk fat content. Milk products supply about 60–80% of ingested female sex steroids. Eggs are a considerable source of any of the investigated steroids and contribute to the nutritional hormone intake in the same order as meat and fish (10–20%). In vegetable food no estrogens could be detected. Plants supply testosterone in the same order as meat and milk products (20–40%) though. They contain considerable amounts of hormone precursors as well (contribution to DHEA supply: about 80%). In comparison to the human daily production of steroid hormones the nutritional supply (about 10 μgd−1 progesterone, 0.05 μg d−1 testosterone, 0.1 μg d−1 estrogens, 0.5 μg d−1 DHEA) is insignificant.
Related case:
CAS 1998_211 Michelle Smith de Bruin vs FINA
June 7, 1999
In April 1998 the International Swimming Federation (FINA) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Irish swimmer Michelle Smith de Bruin.
The Athlete's sample was taken for a out-of-competition doping test at the her home in January 1998 and analysis of the A and B urine samples showed the presence of alcohol. The concentration of alcohol (whiskey odor) was too high to be produced naturally and indicated physical manipulation.
After notification the Athlete filed a statement in her defence and she was heard for the FINA Doping Panel. The Athlete denied the allegation of manipulation and argued that no prohibited substances were found in her sample. Further she contested the competence of FINA to perform un-announced anti-doping testing, including testing on swimmers when not competing and anti-doping testing in a members federations jurisdiction. The Athlete asserted that departures occurred during the sample collection procedure and claimed that the Doping Control Officers (DCOs) have manipulated her sample.
Considering the FINA Rules the Panel establish that FINA is entitled to conduct un-announced anti-doping testing contrary to the Athlete’s contestations. The Panel finds that the Athlete committed an anti-doping rule violation due to manipulation of the sample based on the test results from the Barcelona Lab.
Here the Panel establish that the Athlete’s sample was not manipulated in the Barcelona Lab, neither during transport, or by the DCOs. Considering the evidence the Panel deems that even if the sample collection procedure was not conducted with the necessary diligence it does not lead to the conclusion that the DCOs are to be suspected of having manipulated the Athlete’s sample. The Panel concludes that the manipulation has been done by the Athlete herself.
The Panel did not find out how the manipulation was made, however to the conviction of the Panel, the Athlete herself has added alcohol to the urine, before it was decanted into the sample jars which then were sealed. The Athlete has altered the integrity of the urine, delivered in doping control. The Panel agrees with the Barcelona Lab conclusion that the reason to manipulate the sample can only be intended to make sure that something contained in the sample is not detected.
Therefore the FINA Doping Panel decides on 6 August 1998 to impose a 4 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete starting on the date of the decision.
Detection of anabolic steroids in head hair / Xin-Sheng Deng, Akira Kurosu, Derrick J. Pounder. - (Journal of forensic sciences 44 (1999) 2 (March); p. 343-346)
Abstract
We developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for detection and quantitation of anabolic steroids in head hair. Following alkaline digestion and solid-phase extraction, the MO-TMS derivatives gave a specific fragmentation pattern with EI ionization. For stanozolol, the TMS-HFBA derivative showed several diagnostic ions. For androstanolone, mestanolone (methylandrostanolone), and oxymetholone two chromatographic peaks for cis and trans isomers of derivatives were seen. Recoveries were 35 to 45% for androstanolone, oxymetholone, chlorotestosterone-acetate, dehydromethyltestosterone, dehydrotestosterone, fluoxymesterone, mestanolone, methyltestosterone, and nandrolone; 52% for mesterolone, trenbolone; 65% for bolasterone; 24% for methenolone and 17% for stanozolol. Limits of detection were 0.002 to 0.05 ng/mg and of quantitation were 0.02 to 0.1 ng/mg. Seven white male steroid abusers provided head hair samples (10 to 63 mg) and urine. In the hair samples, methyltestosterone was detected in two (confirmed in urine); nandrolone in two (also confirmed in urine); dehydromethyltestosterone in four (but not found in urine); and clenbuterol in one (but not in urine). Oxymethalone was found in urine in one, but not in the hair. One abuser had high levels of testosterone: 0.15 ng/mg hair, and 1190 ng/mL urine. We conclude that head hair analysis has considerable potential for the detection and monitoring of steroid abuse.
AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1997-1998 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia
ISSN 1037-378
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Figures iii
Tables iii
Abbreviations iv
Part 1: Executive Summary 1
Chairman's summary 1
Board of directors 3
Part 2: Organisational Overview 5
ASDA at a glance 5
Establishment 5
Role 5
Clients 5
Services 6
Goals 6
People 6
Financial and staffing outcomes for 1997-98 8
Part 3: Performance Report 9
Planning and Performance Management Framework 9
Introduction 9
Enabling strategies and performance drivers 9
Reporting style 10
Critical success factors 11
Communication 20
Client focus 25
Strategic alliances 29
Accountability 33
Staff partnerships 37
Strategic breakthrough issues 41
Enhance the credibility and affordability of our drug testing service 41
Grow the business to achieve a sustainable economic future 45
Invest in our people to build a dynamic, innovative and client focused organisation 48
Play a leading role in the development of drugs-in-sport policy in Australia 52
Part 4: Other Corporate Matters 57
Miscellaneous statutory issues 57
Client Service Charter 57
Internal and external scrutiny 57
Equal employment opportunity 57
Occupational health and safety 58
Industrial democracy 59
Discretionary grants 60
Freedom of information 60
Staffing overview 60
Compliance index 61
Part 5: Appendices 63
Appendix A 63
The objects, functions and powers of the agency as specified in the ASDA Act 63
Appendix B 65
Powers of the Minister under the ASDA Act 65
Appendix C 66
Financial statements 66
Appendix D 85
International List of Incidences 85
Appendix E 87
ASDA's drug testing for 1997-98 87
Government-funded testing 1997-98 88
User-pays testing 1997-98 89
Appendix F 90
Register of Notifiable Events 90
Entries on Register of Notifiable Events from previous years where outcomes were to be advised 92
Appendix G 93
Laboratories for doping control analyses accredited by the International Olympic Committee 93
Figures
Figure 1: ASDA's organisational structure 7
Figure 2: Athletes perceive deterrent effect from ASDA programs 13
Figure 3: Athletes believe they will be tested in next 12 months 14
Figure 4: Tests conducted versus tests planned per bimonthly plan 15
Figure 5: Annual trends in event and out-of-competition testing 16
Figure 6: Client's perception of ASDA resources and educational services 22
Figure 7: Hotline education services trends from 1991-92 to 1997-98 23
Figure 8: External client satisfaction with ASDA services 26
Figure 9: Internal client service indicators for period December 1997 to May 1998 27
Figure 10: Annual event testing agreements with international clients 31
Figure 11: Corporate costs per ASL 34
Figure 12: Organisational Self Assessment - all categories: management and staff. 35
Figure 13: Staff Satisfaction Survey 1997-98 - whole organisation 39
Figure 14: ASDA's quality approach 49
Figure 15: EEO issues from 1997-98 Staff Satisfaction Survey 58
Figure 16: Staffing numbers, classifications and genders 61
Figure 17: Staffing employment breakdown 61
Tables
Table 1: Expenditure and staffing 8
Table 2: Quality of products and services performance indicators 12
Table 3: Athlete perception of banned doping practices as cheating 18
Table 4: Communication performance indicators 21
Table 5: Client focus performance indicators 25
Table 6: Strategic alliance performance indicators 30
Table 7: Accountability performance indicators 33
Table 8: Staff partnership performance indicators 38
Table 9: Enhance the credibility and affordability of our drug testing service milestones 42
Table 10: Grow the business to achieve a sustainable economic future milestones 45
Table 11: Invest in our people to build a dynamic, innovative and client focused organisation 48
Table 12: Training identified for competency development 50
Table 13: Play a leading role in the development of drugs-in-sport policy in Australia 53
Table 14: Extract from Staff Satisfaction Survey 1997-98 59
Table 15: Extract from organisational self assessment report - February 1998 60
Table 16: Compliance index 62
A five day treatment with daily subcutaneous injections of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 causes response attenuation and does not stimulate insulin-like growth factor-I secretion in healthy young men / E.A. Nijland, C.J. Strasburger, C. Popp-Snijders, P.S. van der Wal, E.A. van der Veen
Abstract
The synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP)-2 specifically stimulates GH release in man. To determine the effects of prolonged treatment and whether response attenuation occurs in man, we administered to nine healthy subjects a daily s.c. injection of 100 microg GHRP-2 over 5 days. Every day blood samples were taken to determine GH, IGF-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and osteocalcin levels. On days 1,3 and 5, GH was measured at -20,0,20,40,60,90,120 and 180 min using an immunometric and an immunofunctional assay. Mean-/+S.D). peak GH concentrations were 83+/-31, 59+/-22 and 51+/-13 microg/l on days 1, 3 and 5 respectively. Mean+/-S.D. areas under the curve for days 1, 3 and 5 were 6366+/-2514, 3987 +/- 1418 and 3392+/-1215 mU/l per min. Despite the maintained GH release, analysis of variance revealed that significant response attenuation occurred (P < 0.01). Mean serum IGF-I concentration did not increase after a 5 day treatment with GHRP-2. Mean basal levels were 22, 25,23,25,23,24 nmol/l measured on days 1 to 6. However, osteocalcin, another serum marker of GH activity in tissue, increased significantly from 3.2+/-1.0 to 4.2+/-0.4 microg/l (mean+S.D.) (P< 0.01).
CAS 98/192 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) / S., Danmarks Cykle Union (DCU) and Danmarks Idraets-Forbund (DIF)
1. Rule 30 of the Olympic Charter assigns the international federations the responsibility to “establish and enforce, in accordance with the Olympic spirit, the rules concerning the practice of their respective sports and to ensure their application”. The mission of the NOC's, on the other hand, is to “fight against the use of substances and procedures prohibited by the IOC or the IFs”. This mission is focused upon political actions vis-à-vis the competent authorities of their respective countries.
2. The international federations enjoy the principal competence with regard to the fight against doping. The natural consequence of this is that their rules prevail over those which an NOC or national sports authority (for example an NF) might have enacted.
3. Pursuant to the UCI regulations, in case of endogenous steroids, a sample is deemed positive if the urine T/E ratio is above 6, unless this ratio is attributable to a physiological or pathological condition.
In August 1997 the Danish national cycling federation (DCU) - initiated by the International Cycling Union (UCI) - has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete S. after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance testosterone with a T/E ratio above the WADA threshold.
On 18 January 1998 the Doping Tribunal of the Danish NOC decided to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete under the Danish Rules starting on 13 December 1997.
The Athlete appealed this decision and on 4 May 1998. The Danish Commission for Appeals and Arbitration of the Danish NOC decided to uphold the imposed 2 year sanction.
After deliberations between the UCI. the DCU and the Danish NOC about the imposed sanction and respecting the UCI Rules the UCI filed an appeal in February 1998 with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).
Pending the appeal of the Athlete S. with the Danish Commission for Appeals and Arbitration the UCI’s appeal with CAS was postponed and resumed after the Danish Commission for Appeals and Arbitration issued its decision on 4 May 1998.
The UCI argued that the imposed sanction of 2 years under the Danish Rules on the Athlete exceeds the maximum sanction prescribed in the UCI Rules and it requested the CAS Panel to impose an appropriate sanction under the UCI Rules. Also UCI disputed the fact that no disqualification from the Tour of Denmark or a fine was imposed on the Athlete.
The Panel concludes that the jurisdiction of the CAS is based on Art. 84 UCI. The Doping Tribunal of the Danish NOC acted as the “competent body” of the DCU with the knowledge and consent of the UCI. The DCU, in turn, exercised the original jurisdiction of the UCI as prescribed by the applicable provisions of the UCI Rules.
The UCI initiated the doping proceedings against the Athlete S. in accordance with UCI Rules, informed the DCU regarding applicable deadlines and requested to be kept informed of all measures taken by the DCU in the proceedings. Its good faith reliance upon the DCU's representations is evidenced in the exchange of information between the UCI and the DCU, on the one hand, and the DCU/Danish NOC and the Athlete S., on the other.
It is shown clearly in the UCI's timely filing of its appeal to the CAS in accordance with Art. 84 and its refusal to accept the jurisdiction of the Danish NOC with regard to the appeal by the Athlete S. to the Commission of Appeals of the Danish NOC.
The Panel dismissed the arguments filed by the Athlete and reduced the imposed sanction from 2 years to 9 months. The Panel has taken into consideration the fact that the UCI Rules prescribes a maximum suspension of one year for the first offence as opposed to the maximum suspension of two years prescribed in the Rules applied by the Danish NOC.
It cannot be overlooked, however, that the reduction in the sentence is also justified by the disadvantages suffered by the Athlete S. in formulating his defence as a result of the jurisdictional dissent between the UCI, the DCU and the Danish NOC.
Therefore on 21 October 1998 the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides:
1.) The 19 January 1998 Decision of the Doping Tribunal of the National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark (Danmarks Idreaets-Forbund) as modified by the Decision of the Commission of Appeals and Arbitration of 4 May 1998 shall be modified as follows:
(a) The term of the sentence shall be reduced from two years to nine months commencing on 12 December 1997. Accordingly, the term of suspension ends 11 August 1998.
(b) The Court of Arbitration for Sport imposes a fine on the Athlete S. in the amount of CHF 2’000.00 (two thousand Swiss Francs).
(...)
The growth hormone response to hexarelin in patients with different hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities / M. Maghnie, V. Spica-Russotto, M. Cappa, M. Autelli, C. Tinelli, P. Civolani, R. Deghenghi, F. Severi, S. Loche
Abstract
We evaluated the GH-releasing effect of hexarelin (Hex; 2 microg/kg, i.v.) and GHRH (1 microg/kg, i.v.) in 18 patients (11 males and 7 females, aged 2.5-20.4 yr) with GH deficiency (GHD) whose hypothalamic pituitary abnormalities had been previously characterized by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten patients had isolated GHD, and 8 had multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. All patients were receiving appropriate hormone replacement therapy. Twenty-four prepubertal short normal children (11 boys and 13 girls, aged 5.9-13 yr, body weight within +/-10% of ideal weight) served as controls. MRI studies revealed an ectopic posterior pituitary at the infundibular recess in all patients. A residual vascular component of the pituitary stalk was visualized in 8 patients with isolated GHD (group 1), whereas MRI showed the absence of the pituitary stalk (vascular and neural components) in the remaining 10 patients (group 2), of whom 8 had multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and 2 had isolated GHD. In the short normal children, the mean peak GH response to GHRH (24.8 +/- 4.4 microg/L) was significantly lower than that observed after Hex treatment (48.1 +/- 4.9 microg/L; P < 0.0001). In the GHD patients of group 2, the mean peak GH responses to GHRH (1.4 +/- 0.3 microg/L) and Hex (0.9 +/- 0.3 microg/L) were similar and markedly low. In the patients of group 1, the GH responses to GHRH (8.7 +/- 1.3 microg/L) and Hex (7.0 +/- 1.3 microg/L) were also similar, but were significantly higher that those observed in group 2 (P < 0.0001). In the whole group of patients, a significant correlation was found between the GH peaks after Hex and those after GHRH (r = 0.746; P < 0.0001). In this study we have confirmed that the integrity of the hypothalamic pituitary connections is essential for Hex to express its full GH-releasing activity and that Hex is able to stimulate GH secretion in patients with GHD but with a residual vascular component of the pituitary stalk.
