In this video the diiferent steps of the doping control procedure in Hong Kong is showed. At the end all the athlete rights during the procedure are explained. The video is in Cantonese but is subtitled in English.

J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011 September; 2(3): 153–161.
Dalton JT, Barnette KG, Bohl CE, Hancock ML, Rodriguez D, Dodson ST, Morton RA, Steiner MS.

BACKGROUND:

Cachexia, also known as muscle wasting, is a complex metabolic condition characterized by loss of skeletal muscle and a decline in physical function. Muscle wasting is associated with cancer, sarcopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, and other chronic conditions and results in significant morbidity and mortality. GTx-024 (enobosarm) is a nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) that has tissue-selective anabolic effects in muscle and bone, while sparing other androgenic tissue related to hair growth in women and prostate effects in men. GTx-024 has demonstrated promising pharmacologic effects in preclinical studies and favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in phase I investigation.

METHODS:
A 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial was conducted to evaluate GTx-024 in 120 healthy elderly men (>60 years of age) and postmenopausal women. The primary endpoint was total lean body mass assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and secondary endpoints included physical function, body weight, insulin resistance, and safety.

RESULTS:
GTx-024 treatment resulted in dose-dependent increases in total lean body mass that were statistically significant (P < 0.001, 3 mg vs. placebo) and clinically meaningful. There were also significant improvements in physical function (P = 0.013, 3 mg vs. placebo) and insulin resistance (P = 0.013, 3 mg vs. placebo). The incidence of adverse events was similar between treatment groups.

CONCLUSION:
GTx-024 showed a dose-dependent improvement in total lean body mass and physical function and was well tolerated. GTx-024 may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of muscle wasting associated with cancer and other chronic diseases.

Blood doping and its detection / Wolfgang Jelkmann, Carsten Lundby. - (Blood 118 (2011) 9 (1 September) p. 2395-2404).

• PMID: 21652677.
• DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-02-303271

Abstract:

Hemoglobin mass is a key factor for maximal exercise capacity. Some athletes apply prohibited techniques and substances with intent to increase hemoglobin mass and physical performance, and this is often difficult to prove directly. Autologous red blood cell transfusion cannot be traced on reinfusion, and also recombinant erythropoietic proteins are detectable only within a certain timeframe. Novel erythropoietic substances, such as mimetics of erythropoietin (Epo) and activators of the Epo gene, may soon enter the sports scene. In addition, Epo gene transfer maneuvers are imaginable. Effective since December 2009, the World Anti-Doping Agency has therefore implemented "Athlete Biologic Passport Operating Guidelines," which are based on the monitoring of several parameters for mature red blood cells and reticulocytes. Blood doping may be assumed, when these parameters change in a nonphysiologic way. Hematologists should be familiar with blood doping practices as they may play an important role in evaluating blood profiles of athletes with respect to manipulations, as contrasted with the established diagnosis of clinical disorders and genetic variations.

Current strategic approaches for the detection of blood doping practices / Jordi Segura, Rosa Ventura, José A. Pascual. - (Forensic Science International (2011) 213 (10 December) ; p. 42-48)

• PMID: 21889274
• DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.029

Abstract:

Aerobic sport performance may be strongly influenced by the number of red blood cells available for transport and delivery of oxygen from lungs to muscles. Often, athletes search for an acute increase in red blood cells by means of blood transfusions. This paper reviews the possibilities for detecting such prohibited practice. Flow cytometry methods are able to detect a double population of red blood cell membrane surface antigens, thus revealing an allogeneic transfusion. Other ingenious approaches for total hemoglobin mass measurements or to test for the metabolites of blood bag plasticizers in urine are new trends for facing the detection of autologous transfusions. Steady increase of red blood cell number may be obtained also by erythropoietic stimulant agents such as erythropoietin, analogs and mimetics. The challenge of detecting those substances has stimulated the development of indirect markers of altered erythropoiesis, leading to the consequent development of the hematological blood passport approach, which is gaining legal acceptance.

Annual Report 2011 / South African Institute for Drugfree Sport (SAIDS). - Cape Town : SAIDS, 2012
ISBN: 978-0-621-40324-4

2010 Anti-Doping Organization Activity Summary : Reported by Code Signatory Anti-Doping Organizations / WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency). - Montreal : WADA, 2011

In June 2011 the Nederlandse Golf Federatie (NGF), the Netherlands Golf Federation, has reported an anti-doping violation against the Athlete after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substances methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA).

The Athlete admitted he used ecstasy 3 days prior to the doping test, during the festivities on 29 and 30 April 2011. The Athlete wasn’t tested before and stated that he was unfamiliar with the anti-doping rules and anti-doping education.

Considering the circumstances and without intention to enhance sport performance the NGF Disciplinary Committee decides to impose a 1 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on 26 May 2011.

CAS 2011/A/2353 Erik Tysse v. Norwegian Athletics Federation (NAF) & International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)

• Athletics (race walking)
• Doping (EPO CERA)
  Validity of the method to find Continuous Erythropoetin
• Receptor Activator (CERA) in a urine sample
• Adverse analytical finding
• Departure from International Standards
• Violation of the European Convention for Human Rights
  
  

1. To establish a CERA doping violation, the applicable TD2009EPO (Technical Document issued by WADA) provides that the criteria of analysis has been established to ensure harmonization in the performance of the EPO test. For the detection of EPO, and in particular of EPO CERA, the isoelectrofocusing (IEF) analysis method must first meet the acceptance criteria. Once the analysis meets the acceptance criteria, TD2009EPO requires that the lab apply the identification criteria. Once the identification criteria is met and an Adverse Analytical Finding is suspected, the lab, in the confirmation phase, must perform a stability test on the sample.

2. Iron injections cannot explain an adverse analytical finding of EPO CERA where the evidence of an athlete’s experts is not supported by any reliable evidence.

3. Regarding any alleged breaches or departures in general, the IAAF Rules provides that the laboratory is presumed to have conducted the analysis in accordance with the International Standards for Testing. An athlete may of course rebut this presumption, but must do so on the balance of probabilities.

4. Even if it were applicable, there is no violation of the European Convention for Human Rights due to the fact that the No Fault and No Significant Fault provisions in both the WADA Code and the IAAF Rules protect athletes against any violation in this respect.

On 31 January 2011 the Norwegian Athletics Federation (NAF) Tribunal decided to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the race walker Erik Tysse after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA).

Hereafter in February 2011 the Athlete appealed the Norwegian decision with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).

The Athlete asserted that the NAF Tribunal erred in confusing the quality of the tests and the interpretation of the test results and, as such, incorrectly concluded that his doping tests were positive. He argued that the method used by the Rome Laboratory to detect CERA is unreliable nevertheless when interpreted correctly does not show the presence of CERA.

Also the results from the Rome Lab do not meet the standards as set out in the WADA Technical Document in question and there were several procedural errors in the Rome Lab.

The NAF and IAAF rejected the Athlete’s arguments and asserted that a validated and reliable method for detecting rhEPO and analogues and the analytical data from the Athlete’s test was correctly interpreted in accordance with the WADA Technical Document.

The Panel finds that the presence has been established of CERA in the Athlete’s sample and that the Athlete’s expert’s evidence in this case is not relevant. Regarding the requirements in the WADA Technical Document, the Panel finds that the acceptance criteria, the identification criteria, and the stability criteria are met in this case.

Further the Panel finds that the evidence establishes that the used IEF method is both valid and has a high degree of specificity. The Panel finds that the medical records show no direct evidence that the Athlete suffers from any kidney condition.

The Panel concludes that the Athlete failed to establish any departure on the balance of probabilities.

Therefore the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides on 29 August 2011 that:

(1) The appeal filed by the Appellant Mr Erik Tysse on 16 February 2011 is dismissed.

(2) The decision of the NAF Tribunal dated 31 January 2011 is hereby confirmed.

(3) (…)

In June 2011 Lyfjaráð ÍSÍ, the Iceland ISI Anti-Doping Committee, has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete Hrannari Guðmundsson after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance cannabis. After notification the Athlete was heard for the ISI Tribunal.
The Athlete admitted he used cannabis out of competition, which was confirmed by the levels of the prohibited substance found in the doping test.
Without intention to enhance his sport performance the ISI Tribunal decides to impose a 6 month period of ineligibility on the Player, starting on the date of the notification, i.e. on 23 June 2011.

Drug Free Sport New Zealand (DFSNZ) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Respondent after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Probenecid.
After notification the New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) ordered a provisional suspension. Respondent filed a statement in his defence and he was heard fort the New Zealand Rugby Anti-Doping Tribunal.

The Player admitted the violation and stated he suffered a swollen leg due to an abcess and associated cellulitis in July 2011. His team doctor performed a surgical procedure and administered antibiotics (Probenecid). The substance Probenecid was not mentioned to the Respondent and the team doctor testified he simply forgot to complete the necessary paperwork for the TUE application.

The Tribunal concludes that Respondent had not intention to enhance his sport performance or mask the use of a performance enhancing substance.
Considering the circumstances the New Zealand Rugby Anti-Doping Tribunal decides to impose a 1 week period of ineligibility on the Respondent starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 19 August 2011 up to and including 26 August 2011.