Biological passport parameters / Mario Zorzoli. - (Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 6 (2011) 2 (June); p. 205-217).
- DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2011.62.02

Abstract

For long time anti-doping authorities have tried to find a way to tackle the use of forbidden substances and methods (namely erythropoiesis stimulating agents and blood transfusion) which improve sport performance through an increase of red cells and therefore oxygen transfer. From the end of the '90s scientists have explored two different but complimentary ways to detect these substances/methods: direct detection, aiming to find the forbidden agent in an athlete's biological sample and indirect detection, through the measurement of hematological parameters which are modified by blood doping. The biological passport is the most recent and sophisticated tool in regard to indirect doping detection. Its principles rely on the monitoring of relevant biomarkers on a regular basis so as to constitute an individual and longitudinal profile for any given athlete, with the subject becoming his/her own reference. Standardized procedures in relation to blood sampling, transport and analysis have to be respected in order to decrease pre-analytical and analytical variability. A statistical adaptive model is applied to interpret all the gathered data. The evaluation of this information follows forensic principle, where multiple piece of evidence can be added in order to support the opinion that a doping offence has taken place. Finally, the biological passport experience of the International Cycling Union is presented.

Psychological determinants of doping behaviour through the testimony of sanctioned athletes / Mattia Piffaretti

Objectives:
A) The main objective of the study is to gain knowledge about the psychological and psycho-social determinants of their doping behaviour, by interviewing sanctioned athletes.

B) Moreover, the investigation aims to assess how athletes experience the banning period, while identifying their specific needs. With such intelligence, the study aims to launch a new project encompassing:
1) PRIMARY PREVENTION: to enrich the prevention campaigns for young athletes with the testimonials of experienced athletes
2) SECUNDARY PREVENTION: to improve detection of psychological attitudes and risky behaviours in young athletes
3) TERTIARY PREVENTION: to contribute to the set-up of a prevention programme to decrease sanctioned athletes‟ relapse risk and to improve their chances for a sport and/or professional relocation

Summary: Current research indicates motivational orientations (Kleinert and Jüngling, 2007; Donahue et al., 2006), perception of sport‟s culture and attitude towards substance abuse (Ohl et Buissonneau, 2009) and obsessive passion (Vallerand et al., 2003) as possible psychological determinants of deviant behaviour in sports, and more particularly of athletes‟ substance abuse. In this study, 11 athletes who were condemned for their substance abuse by their national or international Federation, and were willing to speak out about their deviant behaviour, were interviewed through a theory-based interview guide. In particular, questions focused on the motivational orientations of the athletes, the perception they have about their environment, and the perception of the challenges like career transitions, injury or competitive pressure. Interview data were analysed sound qualitative research methods.

Main results: First of all, the study allowed to clarify the role of the athletes‟ awareness, sport transition, motivations, stress level and perception of anti-doping and ethical norms in their sporting environment, on the risk to violate the anti-dopoing code. Secundarily, it shed a light on the psychological and emotional reactions of the athletes who are banned from their sport for a long period, while throwing a light on their specific needs, to minimise risks of relapse or psychological distress.

Related cases:

• ISR 2010 KNBB Preliminary Decision Disciplinary Committee 2010075 TU1
  March 21, 2011
• ISR 2010 KNBB Preliminary Decision Disciplinary Committee 2010075 TU2
  April 5, 2011
• ISR 2010 KNBB Decision Appeal Committee 2010075 B
  November 29, 2011
  
  

The Royal Dutch Billiards Association (KNBB) has reported against this person for violating the Anti-Doping Rules of the ISR. In the A portion of the urine sample concerned is the prohibited substance benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) and cocaine. In the interlocutory judgment, the Disciplinary Commission opinion on the defence of the person concerned, that the positive results of the sample is not legally valid in connection with the small amount of urine produced, maintained. The Disciplinary Committee has written ruling.
The "first sample" had a too low specific gravity and the "second sample" contained less (60 ml) than the prescribed quantity of urine (90 ml). The declaration in this disciplinary case is based on the results of the analysis of the second sample. Unlike the lawyer concerned in his defence suggests, make deviations from the DR or the IST not demonstrably led to the Adverse Analytical Finding The audit results are not valid. The prescribed amount of 90 ml is primarily dictated that there is not enough in order to prevent urine would be available in some specific cases, in which a number of additional analyzes to be carried out. This was in this case no. The "first sample" was also suitable to be analyzed. Here, too, in the A-part of cocaine. Shall have the doping control form, which clearly indicated that only 60 ml was produced, signed and checked on the form that he agreed with the procedure. The Disciplinary Committee considers the offense sufficiently plausible.
For concerned this is a second doping offense. Such cases are punishable by a period of exclusion for a period of at least eight years and a maximum of life imprisonment. The Disciplinary Committee is of the opinion that the person using cocaine the league has not seriously distorted. But there is evidence of a violation of doping rules. An exclusion of eight years in the eyes of the Disciplinary Commission to adjust. To the handling of this case costs are borne by individual charged

Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport annual report 2010-2011 / Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport

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Appealed case:
NHV 2011 NHV Decision Disciplinary Committee 2011028 T
June 29, 2011

Person appealed against the decision for ineligibility for 2 years, dated June 29, 2011, by the Dutch Handball League (Nederlands Handbal Bond, NHB) Disciplinary Committee.
Person stated to the Disciplinary Committee how the prohibited substance entered his body. Person did inquire about the supplement but the label didn’t mention the substance methylhexaneamine (dimethylpentylamine) as ingredient.
The Appeal Committee considers the person negligence but he didn’t know the supplement contained a prohibited stimulant ingredient, therefore person had no intention to enhance his performance.
The Appeal Committee confirmded the decision of 29 June 2011, but reduces the period of ineligibility to 4 months, because of exceptional circumstances.
Fees and expenses for this committee shall be borne by person and NHV.

Appealed case:
KNKV 2011 KNKV Decision Disciplinary Committee 2011001 T
May 10, 2011

The Person appealed the decision of the Royal Dutch Korfball Association (Koninklijk Nederlands Korfbalverbond, KNKV) rendered on 10 May 2011 for his refusal to cooperate to Doping Control.

The Person asserted that he didn’t refuse to the DCO, he was misinformed about the Doping Control. Prior he had received insufficient and confusing information from the organizations about the whereabouts and the one-hour-timeslot.

The Appeal Committee considered the issued information and education in question and concludes that the Person indeed didn't refuse to cooperate to Doping Control as a result of miscarriage of justice.
Without the Person's fault the Committee deems that the imposed sanction was disproportional. Therefore KNKV Appeal Committee annuls the KNKV decision of 10 May 2011 and decides to impose only a warning on the Person.

In April 2011 the Agenţia Naţională Anti-Doping (ANAD), the National Anti-Doping Agency of Romania, has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete Ioana Laura Banciu-Gherasim after her sample tested positive for the prohibited substance stanozolol.

After notification the Athlete a provisional suspension was ordered.
At the hearing the Athlete admitted the use of Winstroll and did not request for the B sample analysis.
Therefore the ANAD Hearing Commission decides to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the decision.

Facts
The French Football Federation (Fédération Française de Football, FFF) charges respondent M53 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on March 21, 2010, a sample was taken for doping control purposes. The analysis showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent didn't provide any information about how the prohibited substance had entered his body.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of six months in which respondent can't take part in competitions and sporting events organized or authorized by the FFF.
2. The period of ineligibility will be reduced by the period already served by the earlier decision (1 months of ineligibility), dated June 30, 2010, from the disciplinary committee of the FFF.
3. The earlier decision dated June 30, 2010, of the disciplinary committee of the FFF will be modified.
4. The decision starts on the date of notification.
5. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Pétanque Federation (Fédération Française de pétanque et jeu provençal, FFPJP)) charges respondent M52 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a match on June 12, 2010, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of hydrochlorothiazide. Hydrochlorothiazide is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and it is regarded as a specified substance.

History
The respondent used medication to treat high blood pressure. This medication was the cause of the positive doping test. Medical statements to prove this condition are provided.

Decision
1. The respondent is acquitted.
2. The decision will start on the date of notification.
3. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Federation for Contact Sport and Associated Disciplines (Fédération Française de Sports de Contact et Disciplines Associées, FFSCDA) charges respondent M50 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a muaythai event on April 3, 2010, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis showed the presence of a metabolites of stanozolol, metabolites of metandienone and trenbolone. Al these substances are prohibited substances according the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list.

History
Respondent didn't give any explanation for the positive result of the doping test. The number and the nature of the prohibited substances are taken into account to determine the sanction.

Decision
1. The sanction is a four years period of ineligibility in which respondent can't take part in competition or sport manifestations organized or authorized by the FFSCDA or related federations.
2. The decision (peridod of ineligibility of six months) of September 7, 2010, of the disciplinary committee of the FFSCDA will be modified.
3. The period of ineligibility will be reduced with the period already served by the decision of September 7, 2010.
4. The results obtained at the event on April 4, 2010, will be cancelled. Medals, points and prizes will be withdrawn.
5. The decision starts on the date of notification.
6. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.