AUSTRALIAN SPORTS DRUG AGENCY 1990-91 ANNUAL REPORT
© Commonwealth of Australia

CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal iii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Chapter 2: Education and Research Program 7
Chapter 3: Drug Testing and Sampling Program 17
Chapter 4: Management and Corporate Services 21

TABLE CONTENT
Table 1 List of papers presented or published by the Agency 1990-91 25
Table 2 List of ASDA resources 27
Table 3 List of sports represented in the study 28
Table 4 Number of groups per 'sporting role' 28
Table 5 List of tests conducted 29
Table 6 Summary of defaults 30
Table 7 List of defaults—by sport 35
Table 8 List of substances found in positive drug tests—by class of International Olympic Committee listed drugs 36
Table 9 International sporting events held in Australia in which ASDA was involved in drug testing 36

Financial Statements
Appendix IV
Appendix V
Appendix VI
Appendix VII
Index
Appendix I: List of laboratories accredited by the International Olympic Committee as at January 1991 37
Appendix II: Schedule of drugs listed by the International Olympic Committee 49
Appendix III: Multilateral Agreement in unification of actions in struggle against doping use in sports 55
Appendix IV: Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom concerning the reciprocal development and enforcement of measures against doping in sport 58
Appendix V: Memorandum of Understanding between the Australian Sports Drug Agency and the Australian Government Analytical Laboratory 62
Appendix VI: International Olympic Charter Against Doping in Sport—model for a national anti-doping program 69
Appendix VII : Agency staffing levels as at 30 June 1991 71
Index 73

The analysis of trenbolone and the human urinary metabolites of trenbolone acetate by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry / Douwe de Boer, M.E. Gainza Bernal, R.D. van Ooyen, R.A. Maes. - (Biological Mass Spectromety 20 (1991) 8 (August); p. 459-466)

• PMID: 1768702
• DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200200805

Abstract

The electron impact mass spectrometric properties of trimethylsilyl ether and fluoroacyl ester derivatives of trenbolone, combined or not combined with a methoxime group, are presented. Some derivatization problems were observed and were due to the formation of enol derivatives at the 3C-position in several tautomeric forms, which in their turn were not stable and lost two or four hydrogens under the conditions studied. The enolization could be minimized by carefully selecting the reaction conditions or could be prevented by the introduction of a methoxime group at the 3C-position. The limits of detection and identification of the methoxime heptafluorobutyryl ester and the methoxime trimethylsilyl ether derivative of trenbolone were determined using a mass selective detector in the electron impact mode and a triple-stage quadrupole in the methane positive chemical ionization mode. Selected reaction monitoring in tandem mass spectrometry did not improve the limit of detection, but because of the gain in selectivity did improve the limit of identification. The glucuronides of trenbolone and epitrenbolone could be identified in three urine specimens out of 200 samples in routine doping control.

Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence / K.J. Brower, F.C. Blow, J.P. Young, E.M. Hill. - (British Journal of Addiction 86 (1991) 6 (June); p. 759-768)

• PMID: 1878625
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03101.x

Abstract

Forty-nine male weight lifters, all users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to investigate addictive patterns of use. At least one DSM-III-R symptom of dependence was reported by 94% of the sample. Three or more symptoms, consistent with a diagnosis of dependence, were reported by 57%. Dependent users (n = 28) could be distinguished from non-dependent users (n = 21) by their use of larger doses, more cycles of use, more dissatisfaction with body size, and more aggressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that dosage and dissatisfaction with body size were the best predictors of dependent use. Patterns of other substances used, although not predictive of AAS dependence, revealed very low cigarette use and at the same time high alcohol consumption. These data support the notion that AASs are addicting, and suggest that dissatisfaction with body size may lead to dependent patterns of use. The implications for both prevention and treatment are discussed.

Anabolic steroids : interest among parents and nonathletes / P.S. Salva, G.E Bacon. - (Southern medical journal 84 (1984) 5; p. 552-556)

• PMID: 2035071

Abstract

To determine the nature and extent of public interest in anabolic steroids, questionnaires were sent to 1290 family physicians and pediatricians in Texas. Of the 517 respondents, 55% reported being asked about steroids or seeing possible steroid users in their practices during the previous 5 years; 261 physicians (51%) reported 1682 inquiries. High school aged boys were the subject of 60% of all inquiries, 26% of which were made by parents and were exclusively related to sports. Football and athletics in general were the most common reasons for inquiry (62%), but 36% of the adolescents were interested in steroids for psychosocial reasons. Nearly 60% of the inquiries by adolescents and 36% of those by parents were considered to be serious, as opposed to casual. All inquiries regarding adolescents were for boys, and less than 1% were nonwhite. On hundred seventy-seven physicians (34%) reported 802 possible steroid users. Only 17 patients fit the stereotype of a steroid user (ie, competitive bodybuilders or professional and collegiate athletes); football players comprised 12.4% of the total. Those thought to be using steroids for psychosocial reasons equaled almost 10% of the total. All those identified as steroid users were male and only nine were nonwhite. The survey results suggest that interest in and use of anabolic steroids are common, rather than the exclusive purview of competitive athletes. This study is the first to demonstrate parental interest in anabolic steroids.

Doping control of testosterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin : a case study / Douwe de Boer, E.G. de Jong, J.M. van Rossum, R.A. Maes. - (International Journal of Sports Medicine 12 (1991) 1 (February); p. 46-51)

• PMID: 2030059
• DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1024654

Erratum in:

• Int J Sports Med 1991 Aug;12(4):430. De Jong EG [corrected to de Jong EG]

Abstract

Doping control for testosterone and human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) requires special attention as a difference must be made between the endogenous and exogenous origin of both substances. The detection of exogenous testosterone is based on the ratio of testosterone- to epitestosterone-glucuronide (T/E) in urine. The problems with this ratio are discussed. For hCG analysis in urine the utilization of sandwich-type hCG specific assays instead of hCG/hCG beta competitive assays is recommended. A case study in which an athlete self-administered testosterone and hCG before a competition is described. The T/E ratio and hCG concentration in urine were followed during this period of self-administration. The results demonstrate the relevance of the T/E ratio and of the selected hCG assay. The ratio of testosterone to human Luteinizing Hormone (T/hLH) in serum also indicated the use of hormones. Although the athlete's urine was negative for exogenous testosterone directly after competition, he would have been found positive for hCG.

Comparison of the Effects of High Dose Testosterone and 19-nortestosterone to a Replacement Dose of Testosterone on Strength and Body Composition in Normal Men / K.E. Friedl, J.R. Dettori, C.J. Hannan Jr, T.H. Patience, S.R. Plymate. - (The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40 (1991) 4-6; 607-612)

• PMID: 1958561
• DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90283-b

Abstract

We examined the extent to which supraphysiological doses of androgen can modify body composition and strength in normally virilized men. In doubly blind tests, 30 healthy young men received testosterone enanthate (TE) or 19-nortestosterone decanoate (ND), at 100 mg/wk or 300 mg/wk for 6 weeks. The TE-100 mg/wk group served as replacement dose comparison, maintaining pretreatment serum testosterone levels, while keeping all subjects blinded to treatment, particularly through reduction in testicular volumes. Isokinetic strength measurements were made for the biceps brachii and quadriceps femoris muscle groups before treatment and 2-3 days after the 6th injection. Small improvements were noted in all groups but the changes were highly variable; a trend to greater and more consistent strength gain occurred in the TE-300 mg/wk group. There was no change in weight for TE-100 mg/wk but an average gain of 3 kg in each of the other groups. No changes in 4 skinfold thicknesses or in estimated percent body fat were observed. Of 15 circumferences, significant increases were observed only for men receiving TE-300 mg/wk (shoulders) and ND-300 mg/wk (shoulders and chest). The data suggest that high dose androgens increase body mass and may increase strength in normal men but, except for a consistent weight gain with greater than replacement doses, the detectable changes were highly variable and relatively small, especially in comparison to the significant alterations which were observed for other markers of androgen action.

1991 List of Prohibited Classes of Substances and Prohibited Methods / IOC Medical Commission. – International Olympic Committee (IOC), 1991

LIST OF DOPING CLASSES AND METHODS

I . DOPING CLASSES
A. Stimulants
B. Narcotics
C. Anabolic Steroids
D. Beta-blockers
E. Diuretics
F. Peptide hormones and analogues

II. DOPING METHODS
A. Blood doping
B. Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation

III. CLASSES OF DRUGS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRlCTlONS
A. Alcohol
B. Marijuana
C. Local anaesthetics
D. Corticosteroids

Source: Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library

Goldberg L, Bents R, Bosworth E, Trevisan L, Elliot DL.
Pediatrics. 1991 Mar;87(3):283-6.
Human Performance Laboratory, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland.

The opinions (level of agreement) of high school varsity football players with regard to reported effects of anabolic steroids were assessed before and after two different education interventions. Lectures and handouts of a balanced education program (potential risks and benefits) were compared with a risks-only (negative or "scare tactics") presentation, in a controlled manner. Those receiving the balanced review significantly increased their
agreement with 5 of 10 targeted adverse effects, while no change occurred for any risks among those taught by the negative intervention.

A teaching model that only emphasizes the untoward consequences of anabolic steroids is ineffective, even in the short-term. A balanced education approach can improve understanding of the potential adverse effects of these drugs. Additional strategies may be required to change young athletes' attitudes toward anabolic androgenic steroid use.

Comment in: Boomerang effect of drug education programs. [Pediatrics. 1991]

PMID:
2000267
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Coombs RH, Coombs CJ.
Int J Addict. 1991 Sep;26(9):981-92.
UCLA School of Medicine 90024.

The impact of drug testing on the morale of mandatory participants was assessed through interviews and questionnaire responses of 500 intercollegiate athletes required to participate in a urine testing program. Subjects varied widely in their experiences. Most were not greatly affected, but some were embarrassed, humiliated, upset, and anxious about being inaccurately identified as drug users. Others experienced positive benefits: new information, a novel and interesting conversation piece, and a socially acceptable way to refuse drugs offered in friendship. Some said that testing benefited their athletic performance and school work. A number of recommendations were made to humanize and improve the experience: a better orientation about what to expect, more effective educational sessions, a warmer, more comfortable testing setting, more reasonable drug testing objectives, and more rigorous testing standards.

PMID:
1743826
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Doping Dokumente : Von der Forschung zum Betrug / Birgit Berendonk. - Berlin : Springer Verlag, 1991

• ISBN 3540537422
• ISBN 0387537422

First edition of the book on East German Anti-doping.

Geahnt und befürchtet hatten die Sportbegeisterten und -zuschauer schon seit langem, daß im Leistungssport gedopt wird. Trotz gelegentlicher Selbstbekenntnisse von Sportlern aber wurde dies von offizieller Seite stets bestritten und Vermutungen als bösartig und falsch abgetan. Noch bestand Hoffnung, daß Fairness und natürliche Freude am Wettkampf im Spitzensport ausschlaggebend sei. Erst als sich deutliche Hinweise - u.a. Ben Johnson in Seoul - nicht mehr abstreiten ließen, fanden in den USA, in Canada und Australien offizielle Untersuchungen statt. Bei den dabei unter Eid gemachten Aussagen von Sportlern, Trainern, Sportmedizinern und Funktionären kam das ungeheure Ausmaß des Dopingmißbrauchs langsam ans Tageslicht. Auch in der Bundesrepublik wurde eine Kommission eingesetzt, deren nun vorliegender Bericht zeigt, daß zumindest in der ehemaligen DDR flächendeckend gedopt wurde. Die offizielle Empfehlung lautet allerdings: keinen Schuldigen nennen, schweigen - und schweigend weiterdopen, um auch bei den nächsten internationalen Sportfesten glänzen zu können. Ohne die genauen Fakten und Namen der Verantwortlichen und Mittäter zu nennen, wird es aber keine Reinigung des Sports vom Doping und keine Zukunft für einen menschenwürdigen Leistungssport geben. Noch gelten die Anabolika-unterstützten Rekorde als Vorgaben. Deshalb und besonders auch der zahlreichen Opfer wegen - der ohne ihr Wissen mit Hormonen behandelten oft jugendlichen Sportler auf der einen Seite sowie derjenigen, die vergeblich versucht hatten, auf faire Art sportliche Leistungen zu erbringen - hat sich die Autorin entschlossen, mit diesem Buch die Wahrheit an die Öffentlichkeit zu bringen. Dokumentiert wird auch, welche gesundheitlichen und psychischen Schäden durch Dopingmittel (androgene Hormone) besonders im Frauensport angerichtet werden, und wie Sportmediziner und Wissenschaftler mitgewirkt haben an Menschen-Versuchen und Forschungsvorhaben mit dem Ziel, neue, stärkere Mittel zu entwickeln und Dopingkontrollen effektiver zu umgehen. Brigitte Berendonk war viele Jahre erfolgreich im Spitzensport - u.a. Deutsche Jugendmeisterin in der damaligen DDR, dann in der BRD, später Deutsche Meisterin im Diskuswerfen und Kugelstoßen und zweifache Olympiateilnehmerin. Insgesamt 39 mal startete sie in der deutschen Leichtathletik-Nationalmannschaft der Frauen. Ein Hamburger Nachrichten-Magazin wird zum Erscheinen über Doping Dokumente berichten.