Prevention through Education : A Review of Current International Social Science Literature : A focus on the prevention of bullying, tobacco, alcohol and social drug use in children, adolescents and young Adults / Susan Backhouse, Jim McKenna, Laurie Patterson. - Carnegie Research Institute; Leeds Metropolitan University. – Leeds : Leeds Metropolitan University. – 2009. – Review prepared for the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

This review is the result of WADA’s identification of education and social science research as strategic priorities for developing evidencebased anti-doping education. To complete this commission we set out to identify evidence regarding the efficacy of prevention interventions across four social domains;
bullying, alcohol, tobacco and social drug use. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the factors which have been determined, to date, as the most successful preventive approaches in these respective domains. Broad conclusions are drawn from the literature with a view to recommending ‘recipes of success’ which could be further refined and applied in the design of future anti-doping prevention programmes.

The review process comprised two main stages. Stage one involved an examination and summation of tertiary and secondary level reviews (e.g., reviews of reviews metaanalyses, systematic reviews), published in the scientific literature or by government agencies between 2002 and November 2008. Stage two comprised the execution of a comprehensive search and review of primary studies based on the fact that the studies were (i) experimental or quasi-experimental, (ii) published from 2002 onward and (iii) not included (or excluded) in the reviews of stage one.

International Literature Review: Attitudes, Behaviours, Knowledge and Education – Drugs in Sport: Past, Present and Future / Susan Backhouse, Jim McKenna, Simon Robinson, Andrew Atkin. – Carnegie Research Institute; Leeds Metropolitan University. – Leeds : Leeds Metropolitan University. – 2007. – Review prepared for the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

Based upon the need identified by WADA, the review provides an extensive annotated bibliography of peer reviewed publications in the social sciences regarding
(a) predictors and precipitating factors in doping;
(b) attitudes and behaviours towards doping and
(c) anti-doping education or prevention programs.

The database created during this review should be maintained so that future research in this area can be centrally documented and recorded.

CAS 2015/ A/3925 Traves Smikle v. Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission (JADCO), award of 10 August 2015 (operative part of 22 June 2015)

Related case:

• JADCO 2014 JADCO vs Traves Smikle
  August 18, 2014
• CAS 2014/A/3670 Traves Smikle vs JADCO
  November 4, 2014
  
  

• Athletics (discus)
• Doping (hydrochlorothiazide)
• Departure from international standards requirements
• Non-compliance with IST partial sample collection procedures

1. Violations of some International Standard for Testing (IST) are so serious that thebreach precludes a CAS panel from being comfortably satisfied a doping violation hasbeen committed. On the other hand, it cannot always be assumed that the violation of an IST erodes the integrity of a sample; determination of whether its breach has a"significant or material impact on a testing result,, generally is a question of factrequiring careful review of all evidence and witness testimony.

2. Non-compliance with IST partial sample collection procedures does not automatically invalidates the sample's test results. Doing so would invalidate a positive test result even if the possibility of contamination is factually implausible based on the evidence and conflict with the express language of Article 3.2.2 of the JADCO Anti-Doping Rules and the 2009 W ADC, which requires an athlete to establish a departure from an IST "could reasonably have caused the Adverse Analytical Finding,,.

On 1 July 2014 the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission (JADCO) Disciplinary Panel decided to impose a 2 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete after his A and B samples tested positive for the prohibited substance hydrocholorothiazide.

On 15 July 2014 the Athlete appealed the decision of 1 July 2014 with the JADCO Appeal Tribunal and in addition on 22 July 2014 the Athlete filed an appeal with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS).

On 26 August 2014, more than one (1) year after he provided a sample on 22 June 2013 for drug testing, the JADCO Disciplinary Panel produced written reasons in support of the Decision of 1 July 2014.

Considering the WADC and IAAF Rules the CAS Panel rules on 4 November 2014 (CAS 2014/A/3670) that the Athlete is a national-level athlete and not an international-level athlete and therefore he must appeal first before the JADCO Appeal Tribunal and not to CAS.

On 12 February 2015 the Jamaica Appeals Tribunal orally affirmed the Jamaica Disciplinary Panel's decision and the imposition of a 2 year suspension on the Athlete Mr. Smikle and dismissed his appeal.

Hereafter on 14 February 2015 the Athlete filed a new appeal with CAS. The Athlete requested the Panel to annul the decision of the JADCO Appeal Tribunal and denied the intentional use of prohibited substances.

The Athlete argued, supported by expert witnesses, that during the sample collection procedure on 22 June 2013 there were several departures from the IST resulting in contamination of his samples.

The Panel finds that the evidence in this case is sufficient to enable JADCO to establish to the comfortable satisfaction of the Panel that the Athlete has committed an anti-doping violation.

The Panel is unable to reasonably conclude there is "more than a negligible possibility" that the Respondent's breach of the IST partial sample collection procedures caused environmental water or sweat containing HCTZ to contaminate his urine sample collection container.

Also the Panel finds that the Athlete failed to establish that there are grounds for a reduced sanction and rules that the imposed sanction should start on the date of the sample collection, i.e. on 22 June 2013.

Therefore on 22 June 2015 the Court of Arbitration for Sport decides:

1.) The appeal fìled by Traves Smikle against the 12 February 2015 decision of the Jamaica Anti-Doping Appeals Tribunal is dismissed.

2.) The decision of the Jamaica Anti-Doping Appeals Tribunal that Traves Smikle committed an anti-doping violation and is suspended for a period of two (2) year commencing on 22 June 2013 is upheld.

3.) All competitive results, prizes, earnings, and awards earned by Traves Smikle in any athletic event from 22 June 2013 through the conclusion of his suspension are disqualified and forfeited.

(…)

6.) All other claims, motions, or prayers for relief are dismissed.

World Anti-Doping Code International Standard for Laboratories / World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). - Montreal : WADA, 2016. - (International Standard for Laboratories (ISL), version 9.0, in force 2 June 2016)

The World Anti-Doping Code International Standard for Laboratories (ISL) is a mandatory International Standard developed as part of the World Anti-Doping Program.

The International Standard for Laboratories first came into effect in November 2002. Further revisions were made after that date. The enclosed International Standard for Laboratories was approved by the WADA Executive Committee on 11 May 2016. The effective date
of ISL version 9.0 is 02 June 2016.

The official text of the ISL shall be maintained by WADA and shall be published in English and French. In the event of any conflict between the English and French versions, the English version shall prevail.

Blood Sample Collection Guidelines / World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA ). - Montreal : WADA, 2017. – (ISTI, Blood Sample Collection Guidelines, version 5.0, January 2017)

Contents:

1.0 Introduction
2.0 Roles and Responsibilities
3.0 Preparation for the Sample Collection Session
4.0 Athlete Selection
4.1.1 Target Testing
4.1.2 Random Selection
4.2 Sample Collection Timing
5.0 Athlete Notification
6.0 Athlete Chaperoning
7.0 Conducting the Sample Collection Session
8.0 Sample Storage and Laboratory Documentation
9.0 Transport of Samples
10.0 Ownership of Samples
11.0 Definitions
Appendix 1: Integration of Multiple Blood Testing Types

Athlete Biological Passport Operating Guidelines / World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA ). - Montreal : WADA, 2017. – (ISTI, ISL Athlete Biological Passport Operating Guidelines, version 6.0, in force 1 January 2017)

Content:

Part One provides background and context for the creation of the ABP, introduces the Haematological and Steroidal Modules of the Passport and explains the role of the ABP Operating Guidelines in supporting ADOs.
Part Two describes the Modules and explains the principles for the implementation of the ABP by an ADO.
Part Three contains Annexes of the International Standard for Testing and Investigation (ISTI) that incorporate mandatory protocols to be followed by the ADOs in connection with Technical Documents for Laboratories.
Part Four includes a template agreement developed by WADA for the sharing of Passport information between multiple ADOs (supported by ADAMS).

World Anti-Doping Agency 2015 annual report / World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). - Montreal : WADA, 2016

CONTENTS
02 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
06 MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR GENERAL
10 2015 WADA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
11 2015 WADA FOUNDATION BOARD
13 WADA MANAGEMENT
14 ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEW
15 UNESCO
17 ATHLETE COMMITTEE
20 THE CODE
25 ACTIVITIES & ACCOMPLISHMENTS
25 ANTI-DOPING COMMUNITY
28 COMMUNICATIONS
30 EDUCATION
32 INDEPENDENT OBSERVERS
33 INFORMATION & DATA MANAGEMENT (ADAMS)
35 INTELLIGENCE & INVESTIGATIONS
37 OUTREACH PROGRAM
38 SCIENCE & MEDICAL
42 TESTING
44 2015 FINANCE OVERVIEW
46 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

the WADA Annual Report highlights:

- Introduction of the enhanced World Anti-Doping Code and International Standards – resulting in approximately 850 Anti-Doping Rule Violations and more than 30 athletes sanctioned through the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)
- Creation of the internal Compliance Task Force and the external, independent, Compliance Review Committee
Establishment and conclusion of the USD 1.5 million Independent Commission into doping in international athletics
- Five new ratifications of the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport
- Introduction of the Annual Anti-Doping Rule Violations Report as a complement to the Annual Testing Figures Report
- 28 Scientific Research Grant proposals selected totalling budget allocation of USD 3.5 million
- Three Social Science Research Grant proposals selected totalling budget allocation of USD 206,326
- Four Independent Observer missions at international events
- Four Athlete Outreach programs at multi-sport events

Testing and Investigations : World Anti-Doping Code International standard / World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). - Montreal : WADA, 2016. - (International Standard Testing and Investigations (ISTI) effective on 1 January 2017)

The International Standard for Testing (IST) was first adopted in 2003 and came into effect 1 January 2004. A revised IST was approved in 2008, and came into effect 1 January 2 09; a further revised IST was approved in 2011 and came into effect 1 January 2012. The ISTI, renamed the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI), was approved at the World Conference on Doping in Sport in Johannesburg by the WADA Executive Committee on 15 November 2013 and came into effect on 1 January 2015. This version of the ISTI incorporates further revisions approved May 2016, and is taking effect January 2017.

The main modification in the International Standard for Testing and Investigations (ISTI):

• With the ABP now an integral part of any robust anti-doping program, the previous ‘stand-alone’ technical documents have been updated to reflect current requirements and best practice, and incorporated into the ISTI as Annexes to the Standard. This includes mandatory requirements for the collection and transport of ABP blood samples (previously TD2015BSCR and TD2015BSTR), as well as the review of atypical passports and results management of ABP cases (previously TD2016RMR).
• Requirements for establishing an Anti-Doping Rule Violation (ADRV) based on the ABP have been altered to clarify the process by which an Atypical Passport Finding (ATPF) is triggered and subsequently reviewed by both the Athlete Passport Management Unit (APMU) and relevant experts.
• A limitation in the delivery of effective ABP programs has been the practical constraint of collecting biological samples in remote locations or on weekends and transporting them to WADA accredited or approved laboratories within the required 36 hour timeframe. The ISTI introduces the concept of a ‘Blood Stability Score’ (BSS) which can extend the permitted transport period to 60 hours when samples are transported under optimal conditions. The ISTI sets out the practical requirements to adopt the BSS and consequently benefit from extended transportation windows. Further correspondence on the BSS will be sent out shortly to Anti-Doping Organizations who have implemented the haematological ABP as well as WADA Accredited Laboratories.

Decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016

Lausanne, 24 July 2016

On 18 July 2016, WADA's Independent Person, Mr. Richard McLaren, published on the WADA website its official independent report (the "McLaren Report") describing a fraudulent, government directed scheme to protect Russian athletes from ADRVs, including with respect to disqualification during the Sochi Winter Games. Also Professor McLaren provided CAS a sworn affidavit in this case.

As a consequence of the findings in the McLaren Report the IOC Executive Board decides on 24 July 2016:

1.) The IOC will not accept any entry of any Russian athlete in the Olympic Games Rio 2016 unless such athlete can meet the conditions set out below.

2.) Entry will be accepted by the IOC only if an athlete is able to provide evidence to the full satisfaction of his or her International Federation (IF) in relation to the following criteria:

• The IFs*, when establishing their pool of eligible Russian athletes, to apply the World Anti-Doping Code and other principles agreed by the Olympic Summit (21 June 2016).
• The absence of a positive national anti-doping test cannot be considered sufficient by the IFs.
• The IFs should carry out an individual analysis of each athlete’s anti-doping record, taking into account only reliable adequate international tests, and the specificities of the athlete’s sport and its rules, in order to ensure a level playing field.
• The IFs to examine the information contained in the IP Report, and for such purpose seek from WADA the names of athletes and National Federations (NFs) implicated. Nobody implicated, be it an athlete, an official, or an NF, may be accepted for entry or accreditation for the Olympic Games.
• The IFs will also have to apply their respective rules in relation to the sanctioning of entire NFs.

3.) The ROC is not allowed to enter any athlete for the Olympic Games Rio 2016 who has ever been sanctioned for doping, even if he or she has served the sanction.

4.) The IOC will accept an entry by the ROC only if the athlete’s IF is satisfied that the evidence provided meets conditions 2 and 3 above and if it is upheld by an expert from the CAS list of arbitrators appointed by an ICAS Member, independent from any sports organisation involved in the Olympic Games Rio 2016.

5.) The entry of any Russian athlete ultimately accepted by the IOC will be subject to a rigorous additional out-of-competition testing programme in coordination with the relevant IF and WADA. Any non-availability for this programme will lead to the immediate withdrawal of the accreditation by the IOC.
Beyond these decisions, the IOC EB reaffirmed the provisional measures already taken on 19 July 2016. They remain in place until 31 December 2016, and will be reviewed by the EB in December 2016.

Additional sanctions and measures may be imposed by the IOC following the final report of the IP and due legal procedure by the IOC Disciplinary Commission established on 19 July 2016 under the chairmanship of Mr Guy Canivet (Vice-Chair of the IOC Ethics Commission, former member of the French Constitutional Court and President of the French Cour de Cassation) and the IOC EB.

The IOC EB reaffirms its serious concerns about the obvious deficiencies in the fight against doping. The IOC thus emphasises again its call to WADA to fully review their anti-doping system. The IOC will make its contribution to this review by proposing measures for clearer responsibilities, more transparency, better supervision procedures and more independence.

Related case:
UKAD 2014 RFL vs Rhys Pugsley
July 7, 2014

In March 2016 UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete Rhys Pugsley after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance Nandrolone. After notification a provisional suspension was ordered.

The Athlete gave a prompt admission for the intentional use of the substance without providing any further information. Considering this is his second anti-doping rule violation and with his level of fault UKAD decides on 16 June 2016 to impose an 8 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 3 March 2016.