WADA Talks with Dietary Supplements Expert Ron Maughan, Professor of Sport and Nutrition at the Loughborough University.
Professor Ron Maughan discusses dietary supplements and their associated risks.
The views and opinions expressed in WADA Talks are those of the interviewees and do not reflect the views of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
Related case:
CAS 2016/A/4371 Robert Lea vs USADA )
May 4, 2016
In September 2015 the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete Robert Lea after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance noroxycodone (metabolite of oxycodone).
After notification a provisional suspension was ordered. The Athlete filed a statement in his defence and was heard for the American Arbitration Association (AAA) Commercial Arbitration Tribunal.
USADA requested the Tribunal to impose a 4 year period of ineligibility on the Athlete for the intentional ingestion of a prohibited substance while in competition.
The Athlete admitted that he had used prescribed Percocet for his athletic injuries and without intention to enhance his performance. He stated that the medication was used out of competition more than 12 hours before the next competition and argued that a 3 month suspension from competition is appropriate.
Considering the circumstances the Panel concludes that the Athlete acted with significant fault because he failed to research the ingredients before using the medication out of competition and without intention to enhance his performance.
Therefore on 5 January 2016 the Tribunal decides to impose a 16 month period of ineligibility on the Athlete, starting on the date of the provisional suspension, i.e. on 10 September 2015.
Anabolic-androgenic Steroid use and Psychopathology in Athletes : A Systematic Review / Daria Piacentino, Georgios D. Kotzalidis, Antonio del Casale, Maria Rosaria Aromatario, Cristoforo Pomara, Paolo Girardi, Gabriele Sani. – (Current Neuropharmacology 13 (2015) 1 (January) : p. 101-121).
Content:
- Introduction
- Methods
• Eligibility Criteria
• Search Criteria and Critical Appraisal
- Results
• Search Results and Included Studies
• Study Characteristics
• Risk of Bias
• AASs and Mood Disorders
• AASs and Suicide
• AASs and Anxiety Disorders
• AASs, Somatoform and Eating Disorders
• AASs and Behavioral Disorders
• AASs and Psychosis
- Discussion
- Conclusions
Abstract
The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) by professional and recreational athletes is increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly performance enhancement and body image improvement. AAS abuse and dependence, which are specifically classified and coded by the DSM-5, are not uncommon. AAS-using athletes are frequently present with psychiatric symptoms and disorders, mainly somatoform and eating, but also mood, and schizophrenia-related disorders. Some psychiatric disorders are typical of athletes, like muscle dysmorphia. This raises the issue of whether AAS use causes these disorders in athletes, by determining neuroadaptive changes in the reward neural circuit or by exacerbating stress vulnerability, or rather these are athletes with premorbid abnormal personalities or a history of psychiatric disorders who are attracted to AAS use, prompted by the desire to improve their appearance and control their weights. This may predispose to eating disorders, but AASs also show mood destabilizing effects, with longterm use inducing depression and short-term hypomania; withdrawal/discontinuation may be accompanied by depression. The effects of AASs on anxiety behavior are unclear and studies are inconsistent. AASs are also linked to psychotic behavior. The psychological characteristics that could prompt athletes to use AASs have not been elucidated.
The very high premature mortality rate among active professional wrestlers is primarily due to cardiovascular disease / C.W. Herman, A.S. Conlon, M. Rubenfire, A.R. Burghardt, S.J. McGregor. – (Public Library of Science one 9 (2014) 11 (5 November) : p. 1-7).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109945. eCollection 2014
Content:
- Introduction
- Methods
• Ethics Statement
• Calculations of Mortality Rates
• Survival Analysis
- Results
• Survival Estimates
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- References
PURPOSE:
Recently, much media attention has been given to the premature deaths in professional wrestlers. Since no formal studies exist that have statistically examined the probability of premature mortality in professional wrestlers, we determined survival estimates for active wresters over the past quarter century to establish the factors contributing to the premature mortality of these individuals.
METHODS:
Data including cause of death was obtained from public records and wrestling publications in wrestlers who were active between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 2011. 557 males were considered consistently active wrestlers during this time period. 2007 published mortality rates from the Center for Disease Control were used to compare the general population to the wrestlers by age, BMI, time period, and cause of death. Survival estimates and Cox hazard regression models were fit to determine incident premature deaths and factors associated with lower survival. Cumulative incidence function (CIF) estimates given years wrestled was obtained using a competing risks model for cause of death.
RESULTS:
The mortality for all wrestlers over the 26-year study period was.007 deaths/total person-years or 708 per 100,000 per year, and 16% of deaths occurred below age 50 years. Among wrestlers, the leading cause of deaths based on CIF was cardiovascular-related (38%). For cardiovascular-related deaths, drug overdose-related deaths and cancer deaths, wrestler mortality rates were respectively 15.1, 122.7 and 6.4 times greater than those of males in the general population. Survival estimates from hazard models indicated that BMI is significantly associated with the hazard of death from total time wrestling (p<0.0001).
CONCLUSION:
Professional wrestlers are more likely to die prematurely from cardiovascular disease compared to the general population and morbidly obese wrestlers are especially at risk. Results from this study may be useful for professional wrestlers, as well as wellness policy and medical care implementation.
Annual banned-substance review: the Prohibited List 2008 : analytical approaches in human sports drug testing / Mario Thevis, Tiia Kuuranne, Hans Geyer, Wilhelm Schänzer. - (Drug Testing and Analysis 1 (2009) 1 (January); p. 4-13)
Abstract
The list of prohibited substances and methods of doping issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency is updated and modified annually based on most recent developments and scientific data. Compounds and methods are maintained, added, or removed from the list, or they are placed in so-called monitoring programmes that have been established to obtain reliable data on the prevalence of particular substances and methods in- and/or out-of-competition. Consequently, doping control laboratories continuously update, modify and optimize existing screening and confirmation assays to ensure utmost comprehensiveness in detecting the prohibited and monitored substances as well as chemically and pharmacologically related analogs. The annual banned-substance review for human sports drug testing critically summarizes recent innovations in analytical approaches supporting the detection of established and newly outlawed substances and methods of doping. Literature from January 2007 through September 2008 as indexed in Medline and Web of Science was screened and articles on detection methods for substances and methods of doping in humans were compiled according to the 2008 Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Few new approaches were presented for individual doping agents and the majority of reports demonstrated new options for increasing the comprehensiveness of existing doping control assays. In addition, new techniques in separation and/or ionization of analytes complementary to commonly used procedures were described, which, so far, did not meet all requirements of sports drug testing.
Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing / Mario Thevis, Tiia Kuuranne, Katja Walpurgis, Hans Geyer, Wilhelm Schänzer. - (Drug Testing and Analysis 8 (2016) 1 (January); p. 7-29)
Abstract
The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.
Harmonization of anti-doping rules in a global context (World Anti-Doping Agencylaboratory accreditation perspective) / Vicoria Ivanova, John H.M. Miller, Olivier Rabin, Alan Squirrell, Steven Westwood. – (Bioanaysis 4 (2012) 13 (July) : p. 1603-1611)
Contents:
- World Anti-Doping Agency & global set of anti-doping rules
• Creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency
- Establishment of global anti-doping rules
• World Anti-Doping Code: set of rules for the sports movement
- UNESCO International convention against Doping in Sport: set of rules for governments
- WADA laboratory accreditation as part of WADA’s global responsibility in the fight against doping in sport
• Normative base of WADA accreditation
• Network of WADA-accredited laboratories
- WADA’s role in harmonizing laboratory performance & maintaining quality of analyses
• WADA EQAS
• LabEG
- Cooperation with international organizations
• Cooperation with ILAC
• Cooperation with other entities
- Future perspective
This article provides a review of the leading role of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in the context of the global fight against doping in sport and the harmonization of anti-doping rules worldwide through the implementation of the World Anti-Doping Program. Particular emphasis is given to the WADA-laboratory accreditation program, which is coordinated by the Science Department of WADA in conjunction with the Laboratory Expert Group, and the cooperation with the international accreditation community through International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation and other organizations, all of which contribute to constant improvement of laboratory performance in the global fight against doping in sport. A perspective is provided of the means to refine the existing anti-doping rules and programs to ensure continuous improvement in order to face growing sophisticated challenges.
Practical experience with the implementation of an athlete's biological profile in athletics, cycling, football and swimming / M. Zorzoli, A. Pipe, P.Y. Garnier, M. Vouillamoz, J. Dvorak. – (British Association of Sport and Medicine 48 (2014) 10 (19 March) : p. 1-5)
Content:
- Introduction
- The cycling experience: UCI
• Athlete’s testing pool and whereabouts
• Sample collection
• APMU and the panel of experts
• Antidoping rule violation
• Agreements with NADO
- The football experience: FIFA/UEFA
- The aquatics experience: FINA
- The athletics experience: IAAF
• Particulatities of athletics
• Athlete’s testing pool and whereabouts
• Athlete passport management
• Antidoping rule violations
- Conclusions
The introduction of the athlete's biological passport (ABP) has been a milestone in the fight against doping. The ABP is a collection of measurements of different biological parameters influenced by the administration of doping agents through the time and for each athlete. Two different modules have been developed and validated so far: the haematological module, which aims to identify enhancement of oxygen transport, including use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and any form of blood transfusion or manipulation, which became effective in 2010; and the steroidal module, which intends to detect the use of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids when administered exogenously and other anabolic agents, which was introduced in 2014. Prior to the implementation of the haematological module, it is important to define an athlete's testing pool on whom to collect blood and/or urine in-competition and out-of-competition (for the steroidal module, this is irrelevant because all collected urine samples will be subjected to analysis for the steroidal variables) and to be compliant with the strict requirements of the World Anti-Doping Agency ABP Operating Guidelines. The established individual profile can be used either to target traditional antidoping tests (recombinant erythropoietins, or homologous blood transfusion tests for the haematological module; isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for the steroidal module) or to support an antidoping rule violation due to the use of a forbidden substance or method. In this article, we present the experience of four major International Federations which have implemented an ABP programme, focusing on the haematological module. They constitute examples which could be followed by other antidoping organisations wishing to introduce this new, efficient and innovative antidoping tool.
iNADO Update #67 addresses a number of matters of interest to the NADO and RADO community, emphasizing professional development and new sources of anti-doping material.
Content:
- 2016 iNADO Workshop
- AD Swiss Open House
- NADO - IF Cooperation
- Does Winning Lead to Cheating?
- New ADKC Resources
- Join iNADO
Mr. Johnny Pilay is an Ecuadorean Athlete competing in the Men’s Freestyle 63 kg event at the Singapore 2010 1st Youth Olympic Games.
On 8 September 2010 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete after his sample tested positive for the prohibited substance furosemide.
After notification the Athlete waived his right to be heard for IOC Disciplinary Commission and didn’t file a statement in his defence.
On 17 September 2010, the Anti-Doping Commission of the NOC of Ecuador held a hearing in the presence of the Athlete and concluded that the athlete be sanctioned with a two year suspension.
After reviewing the file and the information at hand, the IOC Disciplinary Commission unanimously concluded that the Athlete had committed an anti-doping rule violation pursuant to Article 2.1 of the World Anti-Doping Code (the “Code”) and Articles 2 and 13 of the Rules in that there was the presence of the prohibited substance Furosemide in his body.
Therefore on 15 October 2010 the IOC Disciplinary Commission decides:
1.) The Athlete, Johnny Pilay, Ecuador, Wrestling is disqualified from the Men’s Freestyle 63 kg event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games, where he placed 5th.
2.) The Athlete shall have his participation certificate in the 1st Youth Olympic Games withdrawn.
3.) The International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles is requested to modify the results of the above mentioned event accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence, not only with respect to the Athlete, but, also, with respect to the Athlete’s entourage.
4.) The NOC of Ecuador is ordered to return to the IOC, as soon as possible, the participation certificate awarded to the Athlete in relation to the 1st Youth Olympic Games.
5.) This decision shall enter into force immediately.
