Related case:
CAS 2014_A_3694 Roman Kreuziger vs UCI
September 24, 2014

Roman Kreuziger is a Czech professional cyclist with a license of the Czech Cycling Federation and member of the professional cycling teams Saxo Tinkoff.

In June 2013 the UCI reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete Roman Kreuzinger after an UCI expert panel (G. D’Onofrio, R. Parisotto and Y.O. Schumacher) concluded unanimous that the Athlete’s hematological profile “highly likely” showed that he used a prohibited substance or a prohibited method: the use of EPO or blood doping.
This concusion of the UCI expert panel is based on assessment of blood samples, collected in the period from 27 november 2007 until 9 april 2013 for the Athlete’s Biological Passport (ABP).

After notification by the UCI the Athlete stated that his hematological profile is not the result of an anti-doping rule violation and submitted in support expert reports of Dr. Locatelli and Dr. Douwe de Boer.
On 12 May 2014 the UCI expert panel dismissed the explanations made by Dr. Locatelli and Dr. de Boer and confirmed their previous conclusion.
As a result the UCI notified the Athlete on 30 May 2014 that it will start disciplinary proceedings against the Athlete unless he accepted an agreement under the following conditions:
(1) confession of violating anti-doping rules of the Athlete;
(2) the imposition of 2 year period of ineligibility;
(3) disqualification of the Athlete’s results obtained in the period from 1 March 2011 until 31 August 2011 and from 1 April 2012 until 31 May 2012;
(4) the payment of fines in the amount of 770,000 EUR; and
(5) costs for management income of 2,500 CHF and Reimbursement costs related to the analysis of blood samples in the amount of 13,000 EUR.

On 2 August 2014 the UCI decided to order a provisional suspension, which the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) upheld on 20 August 2014 after the Athlete’s appealed with CAS against this UCI decision.
On 22 August 2014 the Czech Cycling Federation (ČSC), on behalf of the UCI, opened disciplinary proceedings against the Athlete with the Arbitration Commission of the Czech Olympic Committee (ČOV). After notification the Athlete filed arguments in his defence, sustained with expert reports of Dr. Locatelli, Dr. de Boer and Dr. Hampton.

The Athlete disputed the ABP method and the reliability of the collected blood samples; asserted that his hematological profile was the result of his hypothyroidism; and that the UCI expert panel ignored his hypothyroidism and the effects of the medical treatment he received.

The ČOV Panel rules that there was no departure from the WADA regulations related to the transport and storage of the Athlete’s ABP samples.
The Panel finds that the filed expert reports and statements are contradictory. The Panel concludes that there is insufficient proof (to the comfortable satisfaction of the Commision) that the Athlete’s higher level of hemoglobin during the Giro d’Italy in 2012 in his ABP was the result of an anti-doping rule violation. The ČOV Panel concludes that it cannot rule out that the Athlete’s hypothyroidism caused the abnormality in his ABP - for the period March-August 2011 and in the period April 2012 until the end of the Giro d’Italy 2012 - and is not caused (to the comfortable satisfaction of the Commission) by an anti-doping rule violation.

Therefore the Arbitration Commission of the Czech Olympic Committee decides on 22 September 2014:
1.) Roman Kreuziger did not commit an anti-doping rule violation according to the UCI regulations (UCI ADR).
2.) Each party bear its own costs alone.

[Original Czech pdf-text]

Related case:
CAS 2014_A_3694 Roman Kreuziger vs UCI
September 24, 2014

Roman Kreuziger is a Czech professional cyclist with a license of the Czech Cycling Federation and member of the professional cycling teams Saxo Tinkoff.

In June 2013 the UCI reported an anti-doping rule violation against the Athlete Roman Kreuzinger after an UCI expert panel (G. D’Onofrio, R. Parisotto and Y.O. Schumacher) concluded unanimous that the Athlete’s hematological profile “highly likely” showed that he used a prohibited substance or a prohibited method: the use of EPO or blood doping.
This conclusion of the UCI expert panel is based on assessment of blood samples, collected in the period from 27 november 2007 until 9 april 2013 for the Athlete’s Biological Passport (ABP).

After notification by the UCI the Athlete stated that his hematological profile is not the result of an anti-doping rule violation and submitted in support expert reports of Dr. Locatelli and Dr. Douwe de Boer.
On 12 May 2014 the UCI expert panel dismissed the explanations made by Dr. Locatelli and Dr. de Boer and confirmed their previous conclusion.
As a result the UCI notified the Athlete on 30 May 2014 that it will start disciplinary proceedings against the Athlete unless he accepted an agreement under the following conditions:
(1) confession of violating anti-doping rules of the Athlete;
(2) the imposition of 2 year period of ineligibility;
(3) disqualification of the Athlete’s results obtained in the period from 1 March 2011 until 31 August 2011 and from 1 April 2012 until 31 May 2012;
(4) the payment of fines in the amount of 770,000 EUR; and
(5) costs for management income of 2,500 CHF and Reimbursement costs related to the analysis of blood samples in the amount of 13,000 EUR.

On 2 August 2014 the UCI decided to order a provisional suspension, which the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) upheld on 20 August 2014 after the Athlete’s appeaed with CAS against this UCI decision.
On 22 August 2014 the Czech Cycling Federation (ČSC), on behalf of the UCI, opened disciplinary proceedings against the Athlete with the Arbitration Commission of the Czech Olympic Committee (ČOV). After notification the Athlete filed arguments in his defence, sustained with expert reports of Dr. Locatelli, Dr. de Boer and Dr. Hampton.

The Athlete disputed the ABP method and the reliability of the collected blood samples; asserted that his hematological profile was the result of his hypothyroidism; and that the UCI expert panel ignored his hypothyroidism and the effects of the medical treatment he received.

The ČOV Panel rules that there was no departure from the WADA regulations related to the transport and storage of the Athlete’s ABP samples.
The Panel finds that the filed expert reports and statements are contradictory. The Panel concludes that there is insufficient proof (to the comfortable satisfaction of the Commision) that the Athlete’s higher level of hemoglobin during the Giro d’Italy in 2012 in his ABP was the result of an anti-doping rule violation. The ČOV Panel concludes that it cannot rule out that the Athlete’s hypothyroidism caused the abnormality in his ABP - for the period March-August 2011 and in the period April 2012 until the end of the Giro d’Italy 2012 - and is not caused (to the comfortable satisfaction of the Commission) by an anti-doping rule violation.

Therefore the Arbitration Commission of the Czech Olympic Committee decides on 22 September 2014:
1.) Roman Kreuziger did not commit an anti-doping rule violation according to the UCI regulations (UCI ADR).
2.) Each party bear its own costs alone.

Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances / Hans Geyer, Maria Kristina Parr, Karsten Koehler, Ute Mareck, Wilhelm Schänzer and Mario Thevis. – In: Journal of mass spectrometry, 7 (2008), vol. 43 (July), p. 892–902

Since 1999 several groups have analyzed nutritional supplements with mass spectrometric methods (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) for contaminations and adulterations with doping substances. These investigations showed that nutritional supplements contained prohibited stimulants as ephedrines, caffeine, methylenedioxymetamphetamie and sibutramine, which were not declared on the labels. An international study performed in 2001 and 2002 on 634 nutritional supplements that were purchased in 13 different countries showed that about 15% of the nonhormonal nutritional supplements were contaminated with anabolic-androgenic steroids (mainly prohormones). Since 2002, also products intentionally faked with high amounts of ‘classic’ anabolic steroids such as metandienone, stanozolol, boldenone, dehydrochloromethyl-testosterone, oxandrolone etc. have been detected on the nutritional supplement market. These anabolic steroids were not declared on the labels either. The sources of these anabolic steroids are probably Chinese pharmaceutical companies, which sell bulk material of anabolic steroids. In 2005 vitamin C, multivitamin and magnesium tablets were confiscated, which contained crosscontaminations of stanozolol and metandienone. Since 2002 new ‘designer’ steroids such as prostanozol, methasterone, androstatrienedione etc. have been offered on the nutritional supplement market. In the near future also cross-contaminations with these steroids are expected. Recently a nutritional supplement for weight loss was found to contain the b2-agonist clenbuterol. The application of such nutritional supplements is connected with a high risk of inadvertent doping cases and a health risk. For the detection of new ‘designer’ steroids in nutritional supplements, mass spectrometric strategies (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) are presented.

Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government /Werner W. Franke and Brigitte Berendonk. – In: Clinical Chemistry 7 (2007), vol. 43 (July), p. 1262-1279)

Several classified documents saved after the collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1990 describe the promotion by the government of the use of drugs, notably androgenic steroids, in high-performance sports (doping). Top-secret doctoral theses, scientific reports, progress reports of grants, proceedings from symposia of experts, and reports of physicians and scientists who served as unofficial collaborators for the Ministry for State Security (“Stasi”) reveal that from 1966 on, hundreds of physicians and scientists, including top-ranking professors, performed doping research and administered prescription drugs as well as unapproved experimental drug preparations. Several thousand athletes were treated with androgens every year, including minors of each sex. Special emphasis was placed on administering androgens to women and adolescent girls because this practice proved to be particularly effective for sports performance. Damaging side effects were recorded, some of which required surgical or medical intervention. In addition, several prominent scientists and sports physicians of the GDR contributed to the development of methods of drug administration that would evade detection by international doping controls.

The continuing story of nutritional supplements and doping
infractions / H. de Hon and B. Coumans. – (British Journal of Sports Medicine 41 (2007) 11 (November) p. 800-805)
doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.037226

Nutritional supplements can be a source of positive doping cases as some supplements contain prohibited substances without showing this on their label. This problem has existed for some time and has been extensively studied in the past 8 years. The sport of tennis has played a particular role in this problem because of some peculiar doping cases within its community.
This article focuses on this particular doping problem, explaining the background and reviewing the available literature. It presents the first 3 years of experience within the Netherlands Security System Nutritional Supplements Elite Sports (“Nederlands Zekerheidssysteem Voedingssupplementen Topsport” or NZVT) and explains the most extensive system established to combat this particular doping problem.
The NZVT experience has shown that paper-based quality systems are still prone to possible contamination, which leads to the conclusion that the best possible solution for athletes who wish to use nutritional supplements must include laboratory-based analysis for doping substances, preferably repeated for every new batch. The most important educational message, however, is to use a nutritional supplement only if it is deemed of benefit by a nutritional expert.

Nederlands Zekerheidssysteem Voedingssupplementen Topsport (NZVT) - Netherlands Security System Nutritional Supplements Elite Sports

Facts
The French Federation of Volley-ball (Fédération Française de Volley-ball, FFVB) charges respondent M57 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a Volleyball match on December 10, 2005, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The sample showed the presence of a metabolite of cannabis. Cannabis is a prohibited substance according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list.

History
The respondent had received a warning by the disciplinary committee of the FFVB. Considering that respondent does not dispute the results of the analyses he appeared before the disciplinary body federal, he was surprised by the results of the analyses, claiming never to have smoked cannabis; he explains the presence of this substance in urine from passive smoking during a party at the eve before the doping control.

Decision
1. The sanction is a period of ineligibility of three months, from which two conditionally, in which the respondent can't take part in competition or manifestations organized or authorized by the FFVB.
2. The decision starts on the date of the notification.
3. The decision will be published and sent to the parties involved.

Research of stimulants and anabolic steroids in dietary supplements / N. Baume, N. Mahler, M. Kamber, P. Mangin, M. Saugy. – In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 1 (2006). vol. 16 (February), p. 41-48

The purpose of this study was to analyze the composition of 103 dietary supplements bought on the internet. The supplements were dispatched in four different categories according to their announced contents [creatine, prohormones, “mental enhancers” and branched chain amino acids (BCAA)]. All the supplements were screened for the presence of stimulants and main anabolic steroids parent compounds. At the same time, the research was focused on the precursors and metabolites of testosterone and nandrolone.

The study pointed out three products containing an anabolic steroid, metandienone, in a very high amount. The ingestion of such products induced a high quantity of metandienone metabolites in urines that would be considered as a positive anti-doping test. The results have also shown that one creatine product and three “mental enhancers” contained traces of hormones or prohormones not claimed on the labels and 14 prohormone products contained substances other than those indicated by the manufacturer. The oral intake of the creatine product revealed the presence of the two main nandrolone metabolites (19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone) in urine.

Prof. Dr. J.E. Hueting (1927-2018) is a Dutch psychologist, historian, researcher and publicist of many scientific papers, articles and books.

Since the 1960's, and for almost 40 years, dr. Hueting created his personal archives in the field of sport research, sport news and sport doping among other things.

Relevant records are digitalized and full text accessible for researchers at the Anti-Doping Authority the Netherlands. Also the relevant original paper records are still accessible for research.

Please contact us for more information about the Hueting Archives:

Dopingautoriteit
Anti-Doping Authority the Netherlands

Tel.: (+31)(0)10 20 10 150
Fax: (+31)(0)10 20 10 159

info@dopingautoreit.nl
www.dopingautoriteit.nl

Facts
The French Cycling Federation (Fédération Française de Cyclisme, FFC) charges respondent M65 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a cycling event on April 23, 2006, respondent didn't attend the doping control.

History
The respondent had technical problems and didn't cross the finish line, he didn't hear the announcements for the doping control nor he noticed the billboards to attend the doping control.
The disciplinary committee of the FFC had sanctioned the respondent with a period of ineligibility of three months.

Decision
1. The sanction doesn't need to be modified.
2. The decision will not be published.
3. The decision will be sent to the parties involved.

Facts
The French Roller Skating Federation (Fédération Française de Roller Skating, FFRS) charges respondent M64 for a violation of the Anti-Doping Rules. During a contest on January 25, 2006, a sample was taken for doping test purposes. The analysis of the sample showed the presence of prednisolone and prednisone which are prohibited substances according the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list.

History
The decision of the disciplinary committee of the FFRS was a period of ineligibility of four months from which three months conditionally. The respondent appealed against this decision and the appeal committee of the FFRS acquitted the charge.
The respondent had sent a copy of a prescription from his physician for medication containing glucocorticosteroids and copies of his medical file showing the results of his pulmonary function. The panel agrees that the medication is medical justifiable for his respiratory disease.

Decision
1. The decision of the appeal committee will not be changed.
2. The present decision will not be published.
3. The decision will be sent to the parties involved.